Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is the most popular parameter in hepatology. Increase of ALT usually suggests the damage of hepatocytes. The aim of the study was to assess the range of value of serum alanine aminotransferase in healthy population and to assess the relationship between ALT level and body mass index (BMI), age and gender. We have analyzed a large population of healthy blood donors--all of them were screened for ALT, weight and height. Patients were divided into four groups: I--patients with underweight, II--patients with normal weight, III--patients with overweight, IV--obese patients. In the studied population 862 persons were taken into account (820 men and 42 women), 19-62 years of age. The ALT level varied from 6 to 77 U/L, mean 27.39 U/L. Inadequate BMI was found in 12 persons, normal BMI in 497 persons, overweight in 270 persons and obesity in 83 persons. ALT and BMI are statistically significantly higher in men than in women. In general population and in men group we found correlations between ALT and BMI (p = 0.0000), between ALT and age (p = 0.0000). In women we did not find those dependences. ALT level was statistically significantly higher in groups with higher BMI: ALT level in group II was higher than in group I (p < 0.024), ALT level in group III was higher than in group III (p = 0.0000). We did not find any differences in ALT level between group III and IV. ALT level strongly correlates with body mass, age and gender. We suggest the necessity of taking into consideration those parameters in a clinical interpretation of ALT level.
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PMID:[Relationship of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to body weight, age and sex in blood donors population]. 1576 56

Hepatic fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with progression of the disease. In the present study, we analyzed the discriminative ability of serum laminin, type IV collagen and hyaluronan levels to predict the presence of fibrosis in these patients. In this preliminary report, we studied 30 overweight patients divided into two groups according to the absence (group I, N = 19) or presence (group II, N = 11) of fibrosis in a liver biopsy. Triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidade, hyaluronan (noncompetitive fluoroassay), type IV collagen, and laminin (ELISA) were determined. Group II presented significantly higher mean laminin, hyaluronan, type IV collagen, and aspartate aminotransferase values, which were due to the correlation between these parameters and the stage of fibrosis in the biopsy (Spearman's correlation coefficient, rS = 0.65, 0.62, 0.53, and 0.49, respectively). Analysis of the ROC curve showed that laminin values >282 ng/ml were those with the best diagnostic performance, with 87% accuracy. Association of laminin with type IV collagen showed improvement in the positive predictive value (100%), but with reduction in diagnostic sensitivity (64%). When compared with the criteria of Ratziu et al. for the diagnosis of septal fibrosis, laminin values presented a better diagnostic accuracy (83 vs 70%). Determination of extracellular matrix components in serum, especially of laminin, may identify patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis and these components may be used as indicators for liver biopsy in these patients.
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PMID:Serum laminin, type IV collagen and hyaluronan as fibrosis markers in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 1591 56

Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (United States, 1988-1994), we compared clinical phenotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-seropositive and seronegative adults aged 20-89 years with hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes, n=3566 including 86 with HCV). Seroprevalence was higher among younger persons (3.4% for ages 20-59 versus 0.9% for ages 60-89, p=0.002), while traditional correlates of diabetes (hypertension, coronary heart disease) were more prevalent among older persons (both comparisons, p<0.0001). To prevent confounding by age, younger and older persons were analyzed separately. In both age groups, HCV was associated with signs of hepatic impairment and B-cell clonal expansion (higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum globulin, lower total cholesterol and platelet count). Only among younger persons, however, was HCV also associated with a marker for advanced hepatic fibrosis (elevated serum ferritin) and absence of the classical diabetic phenotype (overweight, coronary heart disease). In addition, among younger persons, HCV was currently associated with family history of diabetes, positively in persons with diabetes and inversely in those with IFG, suggesting that family history of diabetes may serve as a cofactor for progression from HCV-associated IFG to diabetes.
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PMID:Hyperglycemia among persons with hepatitis C: not the classical diabetic phenotype. 1661 68

Childhood NAFLD has become an important childhood liver disease, and it is probably highly prevalent. The full of spectrum of NAFLD has been identified in children. It is not currently known whether or not simple hepatic steatosis in children is benign or whether it evolves to NASH over time. In contrast, childhood NASH certainly can have serious consequences. Cirrhosis is apparently rare in children with NAFLD, but it definitely occurs. Childhood NAFLD may occur in very young children, and there is no female predominance in the pediatric age bracket. Children present with vague abdominal pain, if they have any symptoms at all, but frequently hepatic steatosis is found incidentally on abdominal imaging. Laboratory studies show that serum aminotransferase abnormalities are rather moderate, with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more elevated than serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Hypertriglyceridemia is the typical blood lipid abnormality, although hypercholesterolemia may occur. NASH may be more severe in children from certain ethnic groups, including Hispanics and Asians, or in association with certain metabolic disorders characterized by abnormalities in insulin receptor structure or signaling, such as lipodystrophy syndromes. Weight loss through dietary redesign and a regimen of regular exercise remains the mainstay for treatment for childhood NAFLD. A dietary strategy to minimize postprandial hyperinsulinemia and overall fat intake, such as a low glycemic index diet, may be the best dietary strategy. The real efficacy of drug treatments in children requires further investigation. The overriding message is that childhood obesity poses important health problems, including but not limited to potentially severe chronic liver disease. Early diagnosis of children who are only overweight is a worthy goal so that strategies to limit obesity can be instituted as early as possible. Identification of genetic risks is important, but management will invariably require changes in environmental factors. In addition to individual treatment, a multifaceted, societal initiative is required for solving the childhood obesity epidemic.
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PMID:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. 1597 Apr 96

The authors conducted a prospective, open-label, pilot trial of the effects of the antidiabetic thiazolidinedione (TZD) rosiglitazone in two patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Case 1: A lean, euglycemic 43-year-old nondiabetic man with a 2-year history of plaque psoriasis presented with lesions involving 10% of his body surface (Figures 1A, 1B, 1C). He had no other chronic or acute medical problems. He had previously been managed sporadically with topical triamcinolone acetonide, an intermediate-strength glucocorticoid, and was off antipsoriatic medication for 5 months. He was started on rosiglitazone p.o., 8 mg q.d. After 10 weeks on rosiglitazone, the lesions developed increased erythema, spreading, and shedding of scale (Figures 2A, 2B, 2C). After an additional 26 weeks, the lesions had largely disappeared (Figures 3A, 3B, 3C). The patient remained euglycemic throughout the study. His liver function enzymes (alanine transferase [ALT] and aspartate transferase [AST]) remained normal throughout the study: ALT, 23 IU/L; AST, 47 IU/L before treatment; ALT, 25 IU/L; AST, 33 IU/L after treatment. There were no adverse events. Case 2: An overweight 68-year-old woman (body mass index, 29 kg/m2; with a 12-year history of type 2 diabetes and 5-year history of psoriasis presented with generalized plaque psoriasis over 20% of her body, including two large, thick, silvery plaques with the texture of leather over the lower part of the back (Figure 4A). She was given rosiglitazone p.o., 4 mg b.i.d. for 24 weeks, which resulted in significant improvement in psoriasis (Figure 4B). After an additional 26 weeks on rosiglitazone, the plaques had cleared on her back (Figure 4C) and over her entire body, including scalp, ears, and posterior forearms (not shown). Her glycemic control improved (hemoglobin A1c decreased from 7.7% to 7.2%) and liver function remained normal throughout the study (ALT, 24 IU/L; AST, 14 IU/L before treatment; and ALT, 26 IU/L; AST, 15 IU/L after treatment). There were no adverse events.
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PMID:Improvement in psoriasis with rosiglitazone in a diabetic and a nondiabetic patient. 1627 61

Childhood obesity is associated with a constellation of metabolic derangements including glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, referred to as metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to investigate genetic and environmental factors contributing to the metabolic syndrome in Hispanic children. Metabolic syndrome, defined as having three or more metabolic risk components, was determined in 1030 Hispanic children, ages 4-19 y, from 319 families enrolled in the VIVA LA FAMILIA study. Anthropometry, body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, clinical signs, and serum biochemistries were measured using standard techniques. Risk factor analysis and quantitative genetic analysis were performed. Of the overweight children, 20%, or 28% if abnormal liver function is included in the definition, presented with the metabolic syndrome. Odds ratios for the metabolic syndrome were significantly increased by body mass index z-score and fasting serum insulin; independent effects of sex, age, puberty, and body composition were not seen. Heritabilities +/- SE for waist circumference, triglycerides (TG), HDL, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were highly significant. Pleiotropy (a common set of genes affecting two traits) detected between SBP and waist circumference, SBP and glucose, HDL and waist circumference, ALT and waist circumference, and TG and ALT may underlie the clustering of the components of the metabolic syndrome. Significant heritabilities and pleiotropy seen for the components of the metabolic syndrome indicate a strong genetic contribution to the metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic children.
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PMID:Quantitative genetic analysis of the metabolic syndrome in Hispanic children. 1630 1

In adults, serum uric acid levels are positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and hyperuricemia is considered to be a common lifestyle disorder related with obesity. However, the relation of serum uric acid levels with obesity has not been elucidated in children and adolescents. Serum uric acid levels were determined in 1,729 healthy children, consisted of 923 boys and 806 girls, aged 9.1 - 15.0 years. The incidence of hyperuricemia (defined as more than 7.0 mg/dl) in boys and girls were 8.8% and 0.6%, respectively. In 1,281 children out of all subjects, including 684 boys and 597 girls, height, weight, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were also determined and the correlations between serum uric acid levels and obesity were analyzed. BMI is popularly used as a standard indicator of obesity in adults. However, BMI increases without fat accumulation as children grow. In Japan, percentage of overweight (POW) is usually used as an alternative indicator for obesity. In general, children are evaluated as obesity, when POW is equal to or more than 20% (>or= 20%). Serum uric acid levels are positively correlated with obesity-related indicators, BMI and POW, in both boys and girls. Serum uric acid levels of the subjects with high POW (>or= 20%) are significantly higher than those of the subjects with low POW (< 20%) in both boys and girls. These results suggest that serum uric acid levels are significantly increased with obesity and could be used as one of obesity-related indicators even in early adolescence.
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PMID:Serum uric acid as an obesity-related indicator in early adolescence. 1677 73

In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, we studied the effects of 4 months' treatment with rosiglitazone on low-grade inflammation, liver function, lipid levels, and blood pressure in 30 overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Rosiglitazone significantly decreased serum C-reactive protein levels, white blood cell count, and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity but did not affect lipid or blood pressure levels. Placebo had no effect on any parameters.
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PMID:Rosiglitazone treatment alleviates inflammation and improves liver function in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled study. 1707 28

There are limited data on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from India. The clinicopathological profile of Indian patients with NAFLD may be different from that of Western patients. One hundred NAFLD patients with increased liver enzymes were prospectively evaluated for clinical presentation, associated diseases, overweight/obesity, central obesity (n=54), presence of diabetes mellitus, lipid abnormalities, insulin resistance (n=39), metabolic syndrome (n=54), serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation (n=60), and HFE gene mutations (n=30). Risk factors for the grade and stage of the disease on histology were studied in 38 biopsy-proven patients. Patients were treated with lifestyle modifications and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Seventeen nonresponder patients were treated with metformin. The majority of patients were males (n=70). Twenty percent of patients were overweight, 68% had obesity, and 78% had central obesity. Abnormal cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides were present in 36%, 66%, and 53% of patients, respectively. Twelve percent of patients had diabetes mellitus and 16% patients had various associated diseases. All 22 (100%) patients studied by ITT and all but 1 (98%) studied by HOMA-IR were found to have reduced insulin sensitivity and 50% were found to have metabolic syndrome by the modified ATP III criteria. Two (3%) patients were found to have high serum iron, 4 (7%) patients had high ferritin, 5 (8%) patients had increased transferrin saturation, and 4 (13%) patients were found to be heterozygotes for H63D HFE gene mutation. Twenty patients of 38 (53%) had histological evidence of NASH (class 3=6, class 4=14). The other 18 (47%) qualified for class I (n=1) or class II (n=17) NAFLD. Four (10.5%) patients had bridging fibrosis and none had evidence of cirrhosis liver. Seventy-four (74%) patients achieved a biochemical response to lifestyle modification and UDCA. All 17 patients treated with metformin had a reduction in ALT level and 10 (59%) of them had normalization of their enzymes. We conclude that the clinicopathological profile of NAFLD in Indian patients is different from that in the West.
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PMID:The clinicopathological profile of Indian patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is different from that in the West. 1742 Sep 51

A study was conducted to investigate the short-term safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight Japanese male volunteers. The study design was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial including 60 healthy overweight volunteers (body mass index (BMI), 25 approximately 35 kg/m(2)). The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: 5.4 g CLA-triacylglycerol (3.4 g as CLA), 10.8 g CLA-triacylglycerol (6.8 g as CLA) and placebo (10.8 g safflower oil) daily for 12 weeks. The CLA-triaclyglycerol contained 9c,11t- and 10t,12c-isomers at an equal proportion. The safety was evaluated by analyses of blood parameters and by clinical examinations at the baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks, including vital signs and adverse effects. All subjects completed the study. The occurrence of adverse events tended to be higher in the CLA groups than in the placebo group, but all of the adverse events were mild to moderate, within normal ranges, and temporary. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity did not differ significantly between the groups at 12 weeks, but in the high CLA group it was slightly increased from the baseline. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was higher in the high CLA group than in the placebo group after 12 weeks and was higher than at the baseline in both CLA groups. However, statistical analysis of the population of apparently healthy volunteers who had normal blood parameters at the baseline revealed that AST and ALT levels did not differ significantly among the 3 groups at 12 weeks. Moreover, no clinically significant changes in vital signs were observed in any of the groups. These results indicate that CLA at a dose of 3.4 g/day is a safe dietary level in healthy Japanese populations in terms of the parameters examined.
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PMID:Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male volunteers. 1789 58


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