Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of GOT and GPT in the hemolymph of B. alexandrina were significantly decreased by S. mansoni infection. However, the total protein concentration and AcP activity were increased. Although the snail starvation decreased AcP activity in the ovotestis, it increased GOT activity in the other organs of the snails. On the other hand, the snail feeding after starvation increased significantly AcP activity in ovotestis. Natural and synthetic molluscicides inhibited the activities of GOT and GPT, however, they increased the total protein concentrations and AcP activities in the examined organs.
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PMID:Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection, starvation and molluscicides on acid phosphate, transaminases and total protein in tissues and hemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina. 270 50

The relationship between carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic glutathione (GSH) content was investigated in fed and fasted rats. The elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GTP) activity by CCl4 treatment was enhanced by fasting. Although the hepatic GSH content fo 12-hour-fasted rats was higher than that of fed rats determined at 6 p.m., the serum GPT activity of the former was higher than that of the latter. Starvation had no effect on the activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR). The results suggest that the potentiation of hepatic injury by CCl4 cannot be related to hepatic GSH content.
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PMID:Relationship between hepatic glutathione content and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. 271 15

The activities of alanine and aspartate transaminases, adenylate deaminase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases have been measured in liver, yolk sac membrane, intestine and breast and leg muscle of domestic fowl hatchlings receiving for 3 or 5 days either a standard diet or hard boiled eggwhite as well as in 3 or 5 days starved animals. The patterns of activation of amino acid metabolism enzymes were fully comparable in protein-fed and starved groups with respect to fed controls; the differences with respect to the latter became more marked in 5- than in 3-days old chicks. In 5-days old chicks intestine alanine transaminase activity increased in parallel to that of liver in protein-fed animals but not in those starved, in agreement with an enhanced alanine transfer between both organs under this situation. Both, starvation and protein-feeding, induced a general decrease in the amino acid metabolizing ability of muscle. Glutamine (but not alanine) synthetizing capabilities were enhanced.
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PMID:Effect of starvation and a protein diet on the amino acid metabolism enzyme activities of the organs of domestic fowl hatchlings. 287 42

About 90 per cent of morbidly obese patients show histological abnormalities of the liver. One third of patients have fatty change involving more than 50 per cent of hepatocytes. Fatty liver disease can be divided into four histological groups: Fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, fatty liver with portal fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Most patients show only fatty change. Alcohol, drugs, diabetes, poor nutrition, and weight-reducing surgery contribute to progressive liver damage, but morbid obesity alone may lead to severe disease showing all the features of alcoholic hepatitis and may end in cirrhosis and liver failure. The accumulation of fat alone is unlikely to be the stimulus to inflammation and fibrosis. Only one fifth of patients have complaints that arise from the liver. The development of severe fatty liver disease may also be asymptomatic and rarely shows the florid picture associated with alcoholic hepatitis. There is poor correlation of liver function test results with morphology in obesity. ALT levels exceeding twice the normal limit have some predictive value for histological grades of severity, but they are present in few patients. Pericentral and pericellular fibrosis in prebypass liver biopsies may be an important prognostic lesion for the development of fatty hepatitis and cirrhosis. In contrast with the frequent progression to massive fatty change, inflammation and fibrosis after bypass surgery, weight loss by low-calorie dieting, or starvation is accompanied by improvement in fatty change and return of liver function tests to normal.
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PMID:Fatty liver disease in morbid obesity. 331 4

Gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone (DHA), glycerol, lactate, pyruvate or alanine was studied in the absence or in the presence of glucagon in hepatocytes isolated from starved rats or from rats fed a high protein diet for 2-48 h. In both groups, gluconeogenesis from DHA, glycerol, lactate and pyruvate exhibited similar changes over 48 h; the rates of glucose production increased progressively until 24 h and then plateaued. During the early phase (2-11 h), gluconeogenesis from DHA and glycerol were higher than gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate. During the first 24 h of the experiment, gluconeogenesis from alanine displays a kinetic similar to that from lactate or pyruvate. After feeding a high protein diet for 24 to 48 h, gluconeogenesis from alanine was slightly higher than that in starved rats and paralleled the increase in alanine aminotransferase activity. Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis from DHA up to 48 h, but with glycerol this effect occurred only during the early phase (2-11 h). Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate or alanine by 1.35-fold throughout the experimental period. These findings suggest that the development of gluconeogenesis during starvation or after feeding a high protein diet displays different kinetics, depending on the substrate used and on the level of entry in the gluconeogenic pathway: triose phosphates or pyruvate.
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PMID:Development of gluconeogenesis from various precursors in isolated rat hepatocytes during starvation or after feeding a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet. 381 63

A delayed wasting syndrome similar to that induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was observed in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB). After a slow growth period, all treatment animals (25 mg/kg, i.p., 2 doses per week) exhibited a starvation-like syndrome characterized by reduced food intake, dramatic loss of body weight and subsequent death. Although the growth of all major organs in the treatment animals was affected, the thymus appeared severely atrophied. The growth kinetics during the earlier phase were further analyzed using serially-killed rats receiving TCAOB. In addition, TCAOB was found to markedly depress the specific activity (mumol/min/g wet liver) of glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate kinase in the liver. Significant changes in the levels of cytochrome P-450, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and malic enzyme in the liver were also observed.
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PMID:Delayed wasting syndrome and alterations of liver gluconeogenic enzymes in rats exposed to the TCDD congener 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene. 401 2

Body and liver weights, Liver lipids, glycogen, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and blood glucose levels were determined in starved and starved-refed rats. Decrease in body and liver weights was rapid during the initial stage of starvation and slowed down thereafter. Water was the major liver constituent lost in early fast. Following 10 days of starvation, body weight was reduced by nearly 20%, liver weight 43%, liver glycogen 93% and blood glucose 34%. Liver lipids and the activities of the two transaminases however, were increased by about 30-50%. On refeeding body weight and its water content increased and became nearly double of the initial fasting value on day 2. Blood glucose, liver glycogen, liver lipids and transaminases were significantly altered and got normalised within 5-8 days.
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PMID:Effect of prolonged starvation and refeeding on fuel metabolism in rats. 409 91

Effects of varying protein level on hepatic utilization of serine, threonine and glycine were examined by measurements of metabolic fluxes across the liver. Feeding a high protein (HP) diet markedly enhanced hepatic extraction of serine, threonine and glycine, in parallel to alanine. After 20 hours starvation, activity of alanine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase still reflected the induction of these enzymes in fed rats. Thus, in starved rats previously adapted to HP diets, hepatic uptake of serine, threonine and glycine remained very efficient. With a normal diet, gluconeogenesis from alanine may be very active during starvation, in contrast to serine. The present results suggest that serine, and, to a lesser extent glycine, are very efficient glucogenic substrates with HP diets. The serine aminotransferase pathway might be important in rats fed HP diets, particularly for utilization of serine synthesized from glycine in mitochondria. With HP diets, the drop in hepatic alanine, serine and threonine suggest that transport across the plasma membrane might limit their utilization.
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PMID:Control of hepatic utilization of serine, glycine and threonine in fed and starved rats. 640 4

Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of the rainbow trout increases when the animals are starved for four weeks. Glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the kidney of rainbow trout kept in sea water (20% S) is significantly higher than in the kidney of rainbow trout kept in fresh water. Gill Na/K-ATPase activity in the rainbow trout is reduced significantly (44%) by starvation for four weeks. Most of the free amino acids investigated in the white muscle of the rainbow trout were present in significantly higher concentrations in animals fed in sea water than in animals fed in fresh water. The concentrations of these amino acids are even higher in the muscle of starved animals held in sea water than in fed animals held in sea water.
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PMID:Influence of nutrition on biochemical sea water adaptation of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri richardson). 661 64

The mechanisms underlying iodobenzene hepatotoxicity were investigated in Albino mice in which the hepatic glutathione (GSH) content had been decreased by nearly 50% by starvation for 16 h before poisoning. After iodobenzene administration (9 mmol/Kg, p.o.) the hepatic GSH content decreased progressively and liver necrosis, as measured by the plasma transaminase (GPT, GOT) levels, occurred in many animals at 12 and 16 h. A clear cut necrosis was evident only when the hepatic GSH depletion reached a threshold value (3.5-2.5 nmol/mg protein). The same threshold value was evident for the occurrence of lipid peroxidation (measured as both carbonyl functions and conjugated dienes in liver phospholipids). The highly significant correlation found between lipid peroxidation and liver necrosis supports the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the two phenomena.
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PMID:[Depletion of liver glutathione induced by iodobenzene poisoning and its relation to lipid peroxidation and necrosis]. 666 14


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