Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical trials were carried out on the use of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) (combination rate of 1:2) in pediatric infections. Results were as follows: 1. The mean half-lives of SBT and ABPC in the serum following intravenous injection of SBT/ABPC were about 1.05 and 0.90 hours, respectively. 2. The mean urinary excretions of SBT and ABPC in 6 hours after intravenous injection of SBT/ABPC were 71.2% and 62.2%, respectively. 3. SBT/ABPC was administered to 23 pediatric patients with various infections: 17 patients with pneumonia, 3 with tonsillitis, 2 with urinary tract infection and 1 with cervical lymphadenitis. The overall efficacy rate was 95.7%. In particular, 2 urinary tract infections caused by highly beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli were improved by the treatment with SBT/ABPC. 4. No adverse reactions were observed except 2 cases of mild diarrhea. Abnormal laboratory test values included thrombocytosis in 4 and slight elevation of GOT and GPT in 1, but they were transient.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatric field]. 274 47

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) were performed in neonates. The results were as follow: 1. A total of 27 patients consisting of 17 mature and 10 immature infants were treated with IPM/CS. Each dose was 20 mg/20 mg/kg, and it was administered 2 approximately 3 times daily, in a 1-hour intravenous drip infusion for 3 approximately 12 days. The clinical efficacy of IPM/CS in 10 patients with bacterial infections (2 with sepsis, 3 with suspected sepsis, 2 with pneumonia, 2 with urinary tract infection and 1 with acute omphalitis) was evaluated as excellent in all patients, with an efficacy rate of 100%. All 5 causative organisms found in 5 patients (Staphylococcus aureus in 1, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1, Escherichia coli in 2 and Flavobacterium meningosepticum in 1) were eradicated. Among 27 patients administered IPM/CS, adverse reactions were observed in 2 patients. These were rash and diarrhea. As for abnormal laboratory test values, elevations of GOT and GPT were observed. 2. MICs of IPM against 14 clinical isolates (S. epidermidis 1, S. aureus 6, Streptococcus agalactiae 4, E. coli 1, Enterobacter cloacae 1 and F. meningosepticum 1) from neonatal patients with bacterial infections were examined. IPM showed good antibacterial activity comparable to that of cefotaxime against S. agalactiae; however, the activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus was poor. 3. Serum levels of IPM and CS were investigated in a total of 22 patients consisting of 15 mature and 7 immature infants after 20 mg/20 mg/kg of IPM/CS was administered. IPM and CS produced peak serum levels at the end of the drip infusion. In mature infants, peak serum levels of IPM and CS were 31.8 micrograms/ml (17.1 approximately 59.0 micrograms/ml) and 59.9 micrograms/ml (35.6 approximately 99.0 micrograms/ml), respectively. In low birth weight infants, these were 25.0 micrograms/ml (16.8 approximately 41.8 micrograms/ml) and 55.2 micrograms/ml (33.8 approximately 82.4 micrograms/ml), respectively. Half-lives of IPM and CS were 1.0 approximately 2.7 hrs. and 0.9 approximately 7.4 hrs. in mature infants, and 1.6 approximately 3.0 hrs. and 1.3 approximately 9.7 hrs. in immature infants, respectively. Generally the longer half-lives were observed in the younger neonates. Serum levels of CS remained higher and half-lives of CS were longer than those of IPM. The pharmacokinetics in neonates were different from those in adults or children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium in neonates]. 274 57

Experimental and clinical study of cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221), a newly developed cephem antibiotic, was done in the field of pediatrics and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum levels and urine excretion were examined after 60-minute drip infusion of CDZM at a dose level of 10 mg/kg to 1 patient, at 20 mg/kg to 4 and at 40 mg/kg to 1. Peak levels in serum were 66.3 micrograms/ml for the 10 mg/kg dose occurring 1 hours after the dose, 118.1 micrograms/ml (mean) for 20 mg/kg, 259.2 micrograms/ml for 40 mg/kg, thus a dose-response was observed. T 1/2's (beta phase) were between 1.17 and 1.69 hours. Urinary recovery rates of the drug were between 71.5% and 98.0% in the first 8 hours after administration. 2. The concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was 0.76 microgram/ml and the serum level was 380.67 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes after intravenous administration of 433 mg of CDZM to a patient with purulent meningitis. 3. The clinical efficacy rate was 95.2% in a total of 21 cases, i.e., 1 purulent meningitis, 10 respiratory tract infection, 3 whooping cough, 5 urinary tract infection, 1 purulent infection of soft tissues and 1 acute thyroiditis. Diarrhea occurred in 1 case as adverse reactions. Abnormal changes in laboratory test results occurred as 1 case each of slightly elevated GOT.GPT and GOT.
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PMID:[Study on cefodizime, a new cephem antibiotic, in the field of pediatrics]. 279 55

Laboratory and clinical studies on cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221), a newly developed cephem antibiotic, were done. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Absorption and elimination were examined in a total of 5 cases including a case of 10 mg/kg intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes, 2 cases of 20 mg/kg rapid intravenous injection and 2 cases of 40 mg/kg drip infusion for 30 minutes. Maximum serum levels were attained immediately after drip infusion or rapid injection. Cmax's were 119.2 micrograms/ml for 10 mg/kg, 374.9 micrograms/ml or 255.7 micrograms/ml for 20 mg/kg, and 321.3 micrograms/ml or 431.8 micrograms/ml for 40 mg/kg. These values were determined using an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. In general, values using the bioassay were higher than those with the HPLC method. T 1/2 (beta)'s were between 1.74 and 1.93 hours using HPLC, and between 1.77 and 2.24 hours using bioassay. Urinary recovery rates were examined in 3 out of 5 cases. Cumulative urinary recovery rates were 57.9-90.6% with HPLC method and 50.4-88.0% with bioassay in a period of 0-8 hours after administration. 2. Clinical efficacy was evaluated in a total of 22 cases including 14 cases of respiratory tract infections, 5 cases of urinary tract infections and 3 cases of cellulitis. Clinical efficacy rate was 95.2%. Bacteriologically, pathogenic organisms were eradicated in 90.0%. As adverse reactions, 1 angular stomatitis, 1 diarrhea and 1 loose stool were noted. Abnormal laboratory test values detected were 1 case of increased GPT and 1 case of increased GOT and GPT.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefodizime in the pediatric field]. 279 66

Twenty nine children were treated with cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807) and the clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. Ages of the patients ranged from 2 months to 10 years. Dose levels of CPDX-PR ranged from 7.5 to 12.0 mg/kg/day for 5 to 12.7 days. The 29 patients included 9 tonsillitis, 2 otitis media, 5 scarlet fever, 3 bronchopneumonia, 1 lymphadenitis, 8 urinary tract infections and 1 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, and they were evaluated for the clinical efficacy of CPDX-PR. Results were excellent in 21 and good in 8 patients. Out of the 29 patients, 3 cases showed diarrhea and 2 cases showed elevated GOT and GPT. The pharmacokinetics of CPDX-PR was studied in 9 patients whose ages ranged from 1 to 9 years. The serum peak concentrations of CPDX in 5 patients were between 1.37 and 4.10 micrograms/ml (mean: 2.53 micrograms/ml) at 1 to 6 hours after dosing 3 mg/kg before meals. Those of 4 patients ranged 3.29 to 4.88 micrograms/ml (mean: 4.36 micrograms/ml) at 2 hours after administering 6 mg/kg before meals. Portions of CPDX excreted into urine within 6 hours ranged from 20.3 to 34.3% (mean 27.1%) in 5 patients who were given 3 mg/kg, and ranged from 24.1 to 65.7% (mean 41.1%) in 4 patients given 6 mg/kg.
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PMID:[Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefpodoxime proxetil in children]. 281 Jul 21

Children with acute infections were treated with cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a new oral cephalosporin. 1. A girl of 4 years old, weighing 17 kg, and another girl of 12 years old, weighing 33 kg, were administered orally each 3 mg/kg of CPDX-PR. Blood levels of CPDX reached peaks of 1.39 and 2.26 micrograms/ml at 4 hours-post-dose, and T1/2's were 2.09 and 2.63 hours, respectively. Cumulative urinary recovery rates for 8 hours were 57.3 and 80.9%, respectively. 2. A total of 30 patients was treated with CPDX-PR. These patients included 10 with acute tonsillitis, 6 with acute bronchitis, 5 with bronchopneumonia, 2 with scarlet fever and 2 with urinary tract infections, and one each with acute pneumonia, acute otitis media, acute otitis media plus sweat gland abscess, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and acute lymphadenitis. The treatment was effective in 27 cases out of 29 (except one with an unknown response) with a clinical efficacy rate of 93.1%. 3. Bacteriological responses to CPDX-PR were as follows; eradication of pathogen in 7, and unknown in 2 out of 9 cases from whom pathogens had been isolated prior to the treatment. 4. As a side effect, diarrhea was observed in 1 patient, but it was possible to continue the treatment. With regard to laboratory tests, a slight elevation of GOT and slight elevations of GOT and GPT were found in 1 case each.
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PMID:[A clinical evaluation of cefpodoxime proxetil in pediatrics]. 281 Jul 25

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a newly developed oral cephem, were carried out in the treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics. 1. Since CPDX demonstrates very powerful antimicrobial actions against such Gram-negative bacilli as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia sp., such Gram-positive cocci as Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase producing Branhamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae, this drug was thought to be useful for the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases when main causative bacteria in the field of pediatrics were taken into account. 2. When changes in blood and urine concentrations of CPDX following the administration of this drug at 3.7 mg/kg before meal were determined, Cmax and T1/2 were found to be 2.98 micrograms/ml at 2-hour and 1.73 hours, respectively; an urinary excretion rate in the first 6 hours and a maximum urine concentration were 32.5% and 52 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3. Clinically, 8 of 8 patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (100%), 28 of 29 patients with bronchitis and/or pneumonia (96.6%), 3 of 4 patients with otitis media (75%), 2 of 2 patients with sinusitis (100%), 3 of 3 patients with the skin soft tissue infections (100%), 1 of 1 patient with bacterial enteritis (100%) and 11 of 14 patients with urinary tract infections (78.6%) responded well to the treatment with CPDX-PR, showing a 91.8% efficacy rate in all the patients treated. 4. Bacteriologically, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, B. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium were all eradicated from 5, 1, 4, 6, 1, 5, 5, 11 and 1 patient, respectively. An eradication rate in all the patients examined was 97.5% (39/40). 5. Gastrointestinal symptoms appeared as side effects in 2 of 71 patients (vomiting in 1 and diarrhea in 1), hence, an incidence of side effects was 2.8% (2/71). As for abnormal laboratory findings, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and increases in GOT and GPT were observed in 3 of 39 patients examined (7.7%), 1 of 39 patients (2.6%) and 2 of 34 patients (5.9%), respectively. In addition, we also examined the effect of the drug on the hemostatic system, but found no changes upon the treatment. Based on these results, it appeared that CPDX-PR was a useful and safe drug in treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics when administered 2-3 times a day at a dose of 3-6 mg/kg.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil in the field of pediatrics]. 281 Jul 29

The clinical efficacy and the safety of cefteram pivoxil granule (CFTM-PI, T-2588), a newly prepared drug for pediatric use, were performed. A total of 60 patients with ages between 6 months and 14 years 3 months with pediatric infections were medicated with CFTM-PI at dose levels of 3.2-9.9 mg/kg 3 times daily for 3-11 days. Clinical responses to the drug were excellent in 3 of 3 patients with acute pharyngitis, excellent in 14, good in 5 and poor in 2 of 21 patients with acute purulent tonsillitis, excellent in 1 and good in 2 of 3 patients with acute bronchitis, excellent in 16 and good in 8 of 24 patients with acute pneumonia, excellent in 3 and good in 1 of 4 patients with acute urinary tract infection and excellent in 2 of 2 patients with acute purulent lymphadenitis, hence the overall clinical efficacy rate was 96.5% in a total of 57 patients. Bacteriological responses to the drug were as follows: Eradicated, 8 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 3 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 19 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase positive; 7, beta-lactamase negative; 12), 1 strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae (beta-lactamase positive) and 4 strains of Escherichia coli (beta-lactamase positive; 1, beta-lactamase negative; 3), decreased, 1 strain of S. pyogenes, hence the eradication rate was 97.2%. No side effects were encountered in any of the patients but for 3 who had diarrhoea and 1 who had loose stool, though these changes were slight. As abnormal laboratory test data, elevation of GOT was noted in 1 case, thrombocytosis and elevation of GPT in another. Also, none of the patients refused or complained of difficulty in intaking of the drug via oral route. In conclusion, CFTM-PI appeared to be a safe and highly effective antibiotic against pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of cefteram pivoxil in pediatrics]. 281 Jul 58

The clinical safety of aztreonam in the treatment of suspected aerobic gram-negative infections was assessed in 346 patients who received single doses and in 2,388 patients who received multiple doses. Of those administered multiple doses, 163 (6.8%) experienced 172 adverse clinical effects. The most common were local reactions at the injection site, rash, diarrhea, and nausea and/or vomiting. Among aztreonam and control groups, three-fold increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) values occurred at comparably low frequencies; the mean values of SGOT and SGPT were slightly higher in patients administered aztreonam than in those given cefamandole. Treatment with aztreonam was discontinued in 51 (2.1%) of 2,388 patients because of adverse clinical effects or abnormal laboratory test values. Suprainfections (infections due to new pathogens occurring at the original site of infection during treatment with the study drug that were treated with another antibiotic) were reported in 2%-6% of aztreonam-treated patients, a frequency similar to that observed in control groups. Aztreonam is well tolerated and has a safety profile similar to that of other beta-lactam antibiotics.
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PMID:Safety profile of aztreonam in clinical trials. 293 85

Aztreonam was used successfully in 17 of 17 patients with orthopedic infections due to gram-negative bacilli (11, osteomyelitis; six, septic arthritis). Duration of treatment ranged from 14 to 55 days, and the period of follow-up was four to 18 months. Causative organisms included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter gergoviae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Aztreonam was well tolerated. The only definite reactions attributable to aztreonam were asymptomatic increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) in four patients; none of these reactions interfered with completion of therapy. Adverse reactions that were possibly attributable to aztreonam included rash (two patients), diarrhea (one patient), and leukopenia (one patient). All of these patients were receiving antibiotics active against gram-positive organisms in mixed infections in addition to aztreonam. Aztreonam is a promising new monobactam without significant toxicity. It has good activity against gram-negative aerobic bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, and is effective in the treatment of serious infections due to gram-negative aerobes.
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PMID:Aztreonam in the treatment of bone and joint infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. 293 86


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