Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sepsis is a leading cause of death in pediatric intensive care units. There is growing evidence that lymphocytes play a pivotal role in mediating the microvascular dysfunction during sepsis. The objective of this study was to define the role of different subsets of lymphocytes in mediating the hepatic microvascular alterations elicited by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), an experimental model of sepsis. Intravital video microscopy was used to quantify leukocyte and platelet adhesion in the hepatic microcirculation of wild type (WT) mice, immunodeficient SCID mice, SCID mice reconstituted with CD3+ cells, and mice deficient either in B-cells, CD4+- or CD8+-T-cells subjected to CLP. Blood cell counts, and serum concentrations of ALT and different cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-10, MCP-1, IL-6, IFN-gamma and IL-12) were also monitored in these groups. CLP (at 6 h) caused a significantly increased adhesion of leukocytes and platelets in WT mice, compared to WT sham mice (P < 0.05). In SCID mice, the adhesion of blood cells in terminal hepatic venules was significantly decreased compared to WT-CLP mice, whereas the values in CD3+ cell-reconstituted SCID-mice, B-cell-deficient and CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell deficient mice did not differ from WT-CLP mice. ALT levels were significantly elevated only in the SCID group, when compared to WT-sham and WT-CLP mice. These findings indicate that lymphocytes mediate the microvascular dysfunction, but protect against the hepatocellular injury associated with murine sepsis.
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PMID:Hepatic microcirculation in murine sepsis: role of lymphocytes. 1795 48

Carbon monoxide (CO), a product of heme degradation by heme oxygenases (HO), has been shown to provide cytoprotection in various tissue injury models. This study examined the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of exogenously delivered inhaled CO in protecting liver grafts from cold ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with liver transplantation. Orthotopic syngenic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed in Lewis rats with 18-h cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution. Recipients were exposed to air or different concentrations of CO (20-250 ppm) for 1 h before and 24 h after OLT and killed 1-48 h posttransplant. CO inhalation significantly decreased serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and suppressed hepatic necrosis and neutrophil accumulation at 24-48 h after OLT in a dose-dependent manner. Reduced hepatic injury with inhaled CO is associated with marked downregulation of early mRNA expression for TNF-alpha and IL-6. Expression in liver grafts of mRNA and protein of the stress-responding enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase was significantly reduced by CO, while HO-1 was only marginally suppressed. Cold hepatic I/R injury was associated with prompt MAPK phosphorylation in liver grafts at 1 h after OLT, and CO significantly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK and its upstream MEK1/2 and downstream transcriptional factor c-Myc. CO also significantly inhibited I/R injury-induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation. In contrast, CO did not inhibit p38 or JNK MAPK pathways during hepatic I/R injury. Results demonstrate that exogenous CO suppresses early proinflammatory and stress-response gene expression and efficiently ameliorates hepatic I/R injury. The possible mechanism may include the downregulation of MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway with CO.
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PMID:Protection of transplant-induced hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury with carbon monoxide via MEK/ERK1/2 pathway downregulation. 1800 5

The differences and similarities of the pathogenesis of alcoholic (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were examined. Mice (six/group) received one of four Lieber-Decarli liquid diets for 6 weeks: (1) paired-fed control diet; (2) control diet with ethanol (ethanol); (3) paired-fed methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet; and (4) MCD plus ethanol (combination). Hepatotoxicity, histology, and gene expression changes were examined. Both MCD and ethanol induced macrovesicular steatosis. However, the combination diet produced massive steatosis with minor necrosis and inflammation. MCD and combination diets, but not ethanol, induced serum ALT levels by 1.6- and 10-fold, respectively. MCD diet, but not ethanol, also induced serum alkaline phosphatase levels suggesting bile duct injury. Ethanol increased liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, the combination diet decreased L-FABP mRNA and protein levels and increased hepatic free fatty acid and lipid peroxide levels. Ethanol, but not MCD, reduced hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and GSH levels. Hepatic TNFalpha protein levels were increased in all treatment groups, however, IL-6, a hepatoprotective cytokine which promotes liver regeneration was increased in ethanol-fed mice (2-fold), but decreased in the combination diet-treated mice. In addition, the combination diet reduced phosphorylated STAT3 and Bcl-2 levels. While MCD diet might cause bile duct injury and cholestasis, ethanol preferentially interferes with the SAM-GSH oxidative stress pathway. The exacerbated liver injury induced by the combination diet might be explained by reduced L-FABP, increased free fatty acids, oxidative stress, and decreased IL-6 protein levels. The combination diet is an efficient model of steatohepatitis.
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PMID:The pathogenesis of ethanol versus methionine and choline deficient diet-induced liver injury. 1803 73

IL-19, a proinflammatory cytokine, belongs to the IL-10 family. IL-19 is induced in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, but its pathophysiological function in sepsis is unclear. Our aim was to determine the roles of IL-19 in endotoxin-induced tissue damage in vivo and in vitro. We examined serum levels of IL-19 in sepsis patients and healthy volunteers, determined the in vitro effects of IL-19 on lung epithelial cells, liver cells, and neutrophils, and analyzed the tissue expression of IL-19 and its receptors in murine endotoxic shock. Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of mouse IL-19-soluble receptor plasmid DNA was used to determine the effects of IL-19 depletion in preventing endotoxic shock-induced tissue damage in mice. We found that serum levels of IL-19 were higher in patients than in healthy volunteers (n = 28, P = 0.001). IL-19 induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells and reactive oxygen species production in liver cells in vitro. IL-19 also promoted neutrophil chemotaxis, reduced neutrophil apoptosis, and induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1[beta], IL-6, IL-8, CCL5, and CXCL9) in lung epithelial cells. In LPS-challenged mice, transcripts of IL-19 and its receptors were up-regulated in heart, lung, liver, and kidney tissue. Neutrophil infiltration in lung and liver tissue, and serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, were lower in mice electroporated with IL-19-soluble receptor plasmid DNA before LPS treatment compared with control mice. These results suggest that up-regulated IL-19 may be involved in lung and liver tissue injury in murine endotoxic shock.
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PMID:IL-19 is involved in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock. 1824 2

Recent evidence indicates that inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger improves heart and brain injuries induced by I/R. Studies were performed to investigate whether FR183998, a Na/H exchanger inhibitor, has protective effects on hepatic I/R injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 70% hepatic ischemia by occluding the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct associated with the left and median liver lobes with a microvascular clip for 2 h. FR183998 (1 mg/kg) was administered i.v. 10 min before the hepatic ischemia. Hepatic I/R increased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase, which peaked at 9 h after reperfusion. FR183998 reduced these injury markers and recovered liver functions. Histopathologic analysis revealed that FR183998 prevented the incidences of hepatic necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration at 6 and 9 h (P < 0.05). FR183998 reduced the increases in proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha (1-6 h), IL-6 (1-12 h), interferon-gamma (6-12 h), IL-1beta (1-3 h), and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (1-3 h), but enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (1 h). FR183998 inhibited the hepatic I/R-induced activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB at 1 to 6 h and reduced the induction of iNOS at 6 to 12 h, followed by inhibition of nitric oxide production. Furthermore, FR183998 decreased the expression of the iNOS gene antisense transcript, which is involved in the stability of iNOS messenger RNA, at 9 to 12 h in the liver of hepatic I/R rats. These results demonstrate that FR183998 reduces the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS at least in part through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation and iNOS antisense transcript expression, thereby preventing hepatic I/R injury.
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PMID:Protective effect of FR183998, a Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, and its inhibition of iNOS induction in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. 1827 53

Most invasive fungal infections such as candidemia are frequent in patients with hematologic malignancies. We measured cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1, RANTES and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78), soluble molecules (sFas, sE-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and platelet activation markers (soluble CD40 ligand, sP-selectin and platelet-derived microparticles) in patients with hematologic malignancies under prophylactic treatment with an antifungal drug (fosfluconazole). We classified patients into 2 groups by the level of beta-D-glucan. The level of C-reactive protein was higher in the high beta-D-glucan group (>5 pg/ml) than in the low beta-D-glucan group. However, there were no differences in the levels of other parameters (peripheral blood cells, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine). Patients in the high beta-D-glucan group exhibited a significant elevation of several chemokines, soluble molecules and platelet activation markers compared with those in the low beta-D-glucan group, but the levels of IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 and sFas did not differ significantly. The levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 increased significantly after 1 or 2 weeks on fosfluconazole in both groups. In contrast, the high beta-D-glucan group exhibited a significant decrease in chemokines, soluble markers and platelet-derived microparticles compared with the low beta-D-glucan group after treatment with fosfluconazole, although the patients in the low beta-D-glucan group exhibited no significant changes. Furthermore, the levels of RANTES, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and sE-selectin correlated positively with platelet-derived microparticles in the high beta-D-glucan group. These findings suggest that fungal infection may modulate the vascular events in which some platelet-related chemokines are involved.
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PMID:Elevation of activated platelet-dependent chemokines and soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with hematologic malignancies and high levels of beta-D-glucan. 1833 12

Extracellular adenosine has been implicated as an innate antiinflammatory metabolite, particularly during conditions of limited oxygen availability such as ischemia. Because extracellular adenosine generation is primarily produced via phosphohydrolysis from its precursor molecule adenosine-monophosphate (AMP) through the enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), we examined the contribution of CD73-dependent adenosine production in modulation of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Following transcriptional and translational profiling of intestinal tissue that revealed a prominent induction of murine CD73, we next determined the role of CD73 in protection against intestinal IR injury. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition or targeted gene deletion of CD73 significantly enhanced not only local intestinal injury, but also secondary organ injury, following IR as measured by intestinal and lung myeloperoxidase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, interleukin (IL) -1, IL-6, and histological injury. To confirm the role of CD73 in intestinal adenosine production, we measured adenosine tissue levels and found that they were increased with IR injury. In contrast, CD73-deficient (cd73(-/-)) mice had lower adenosine levels at baseline and no increase with IR injury. Finally, reconstitution of cd73(-/-) mice or treatment of wild-type mice with soluble 5'-nucleotidase was associated with significantly lower levels of injury. These data reveal a previously unrecognized role of CD73 in attenuating intestinal IR-mediated injury.
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PMID:Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. 1835 66

Previous experiments showed that treatment of mice and rats with thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver cell damage, fibrosis and/or cirrhosis, associated with increased oxidative stress and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Some experiments suggest that CYP2E1 may be involved in the metabolic activation of TAA. However, there is no direct evidence on the role of CYP2E1 in TAA-mediated hepatotoxicity. To clarify this, TAA-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated using Cyp2e1-null mice. Male wild-type and Cyp2e1-null mice were treated with TAA (200 mg/kg of body weight, single, i.p.) at 6 weeks of age, and hepatotoxicity examined 24 and 48 h after TAA treatment. Relative liver weights of Cyp2e1-null mice were significantly different at 24 h compared to wild-type mice (p<0.01). Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in Cyp2e1-null mice were significantly different at both time points compared to wild-type mice (p<0.01). Histopathological examination showed Cyp2e1-null mice represented no hepatototoxic lesions, in clear contrast to severe centriobular necrosis, inflammation and hemorrhage at both time points in wild-type mice. Marked lipid peroxidation was also only limited to wild-type mice (p<0.01). Similarly, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression in Cyp2e1-null mice did not significantly differ from the control levels, contrasting with the marked alteration in wild-type mice (p<0.01). Western blot analysis further revealed no increase in iNOS expression in Cyp2e1-null mice. These results reveal that CYP2E1 mediates TAA-induced hepatotoxicity in wild-type mice as a result of increased oxidative stress.
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PMID:Role of CYP2E1 in thioacetamide-induced mouse hepatotoxicity. 1837 80

We recently discovered that vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive hormone, decreases after hemorrhage, which is markedly improved by the addition of its binding protein AMBP-1. One obstacle hampering the development of AM/AMBP-1 as resuscitation agents in trauma victims is the potential immunogenicity of rat proteins in humans. Although less potent than rat AM, human AM has been shown to increase organ perfusion in rats. We therefore hypothesized that administration of human AM/AMBP-1 improves organ function and survival after severe blood loss in rats. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled to and maintained at an MAP of 40 mmHg for 90 min. They were then resuscitated with an equal volume of shed blood in the form of Ringer's lactate (i.e., low-volume resuscitation) over 60 min. At 15 min after the beginning of resuscitation, human AM/AMBP-1 (12/40 or 48/160 microg/kg BW) were administered intravenously over 45 min. Various pathophysiological parameters were measured 4h after resuscitation. In additional groups of animals, a 12-day survival study was conducted. Our result showed that tissue injury as evidenced by increased levels of transaminases, lactate, and creatinine, was present at 4h after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 were also significantly elevated. Administration of AM/AMBP-1 markedly attenuated tissue injury, reduced cytokine levels, and improved the survival rate from 29% (vehicle) to 62% (low-dose) or 70% (high-dose). However, neither human AM alone nor human AMBP-1 alone prevented the significant increase in ALT, AST, lactate and creatinine at 4h after the completion of hemorrhage and resuscitation. Moreover, the half-life of human AM and human AMBP-1 in rats was 35.8 min and 1.68 h, respectively. Thus, administration of human AM/AMBP-1 may be a useful approach for attenuating organ injury, and reducing mortality after hemorrhagic shock.
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PMID:Human vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin and its binding protein rescue experimental animals from shock. 1840 50

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged infectious disease with significant morbidity and mortality. An epidemic in 2003 affected 8,098 patients in 29 countries with 774 deaths. The aetiological agent is a new coronavirus spread by droplet transmission. Clinical and general laboratory manifestations included fever, chills, rigor, myalgia, malaise, diarrhoea, cough, dyspnoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) activities. Treatment has been empirical; initial potent antibiotic cover, followed by simultaneous ribavirin and corticosteroids, with or without pulse high-dose methylprednisolone, have been used. The postulated disease progression comprises (1) active viral infection, (2) hyperactive immune response, and (3) recovery or pulmonary destruction and death. We investigated serum LD isoenzymes and blood lymphocyte subsets of SARS patients, and found LD1 activity as the best biochemical prognostic indicator for death, while CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer cell counts were promising predictors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Plasma cytokine and chemokine profiles showed markedly elevated Th1 cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma, inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-12, neutrophil chemokine IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and Th1 chemokine IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) for at least two weeks after disease onset, but there was no significant elevation of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Corticosteroid reduced IL-8, MCP-1 and IP-10 concentrations from 5-8 days after treatment. Measurement of biochemical markers of bone metabolism demonstrated significant but transient increase in bone resorption from Day 28-44 after onset of fever, when pulse steroid was most frequently given. With tapering down of steroid therapy, there was a decrease in bone resorption marker together with an increase in bone formation markers round Day 50, suggesting that some of the bone loss might be reversed. Our research studies on the chemical pathology and clinical immunology of SARS should have implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of this potentially lethal infection.
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PMID:Severe acute respiratory syndrome: clinical and laboratory manifestations. 1845 12


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