Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute cholecystitis associated with gallbladder carcinoma is very rare in young patients (younger than 30 years of age). Moreover, a definitive preoperative diagnosis is difficult. A 26-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a 5-day history of right upper quadrant pain. Computed tomography and ultrasonography demonstrated an enlarged gallbladder with a diffuse thick wall and a 2-cm gallstone obstructing the cystic duct. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed no evidence of an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction. The patient showed an elevation in the white blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein, and alkaline phosphate; however, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were all within the normal ranges. The preoperative diagnosis of gallstone-induced acute cholecystitis was made and an open cholecystectomy was thus performed 2 days after admission. The macroscopic findings showed a necrotic enlarged gallbladder with a thick wall and a gallstone, but no intraluminal nodular lesion. Histologic examinations revealed well-differentiated focal adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder mucosa, but no venous, lymphatic, or perineural invasion. The postoperative course has been uneventful with no recurrence 18 months postoperatively.
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PMID:Latent gallbladder carcinoma in a young adult patient with acute cholecystitis: report of a case. 1764 22

Pyogenic abscesses of the liver represent a serious nosologic unit with high morbidity and mortality rates. Their diagnostics is based on ultrasonography, computer tomography or MRI, or positrone emission tomography. The principal treatment procedure includes percutaneous draining of the abscess cavity under the ultrasound or CT control. The authors present a group of 83 subjects hospitalized from 2000 to 2006 for pyogenic abscesses of the liver. Obstruction of the bile ducts, acute cholecystitis and resections of the liver or pancreas for malignancies were recorded as the commonest causes of the abscesses. Percutaneous drainage was the treatment method of choice in 67.5% of the subjects and it included management of the causative factors and administration of antibiotics. The hospitalization period was affected by the following factors: septic conditions (p < 0.04), ALT levels (p < 0.003) - cut off 3.0 mkat/l, the abscess diameter, which may have required reoperation, (p < 0,05), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05) and septic conditions (p < 0.001). The need for re-hospitalization due to a relaps of the pyogenic abscess of the liver correlated significantly with the following: a number (> 2) of abscesses (p < 0.04), C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.005) - cut off> 100 mg/l and septic conditions (p < 0.007). Furthermore, significat correlation was detected between the mortality rates and sepsis (p < 0.05).
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PMID:[Pyogenic abscesses of the liver]. 1769 33

The purpose of the study was to develop a procedure for predicting a relapse of herpetic keratitis in children, by taking into account the results of tear biochemical analysis. The tears from 47 children with herpetic keratitis were examined for the levels of total protein, the concentration of acute-phase proteins, such as orosomucoid and C-reactive protein, the activities of transferases: gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, those of lysosomal glycosidases: alpha-mannosidase, beta-glycosidase, and beta-glucuronidase. Tear biochemical assay made it possible to evaluate the efficiency of treatment and to develop a procedure for predicting a recurrence of herpetic keratitis in children. Determination of the tear activity of the glycosidases may be used to predict recurrent herpetic keratitis in children.
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PMID:[Use of tear enzyme assay to predict recurrent herpetic keratitis in children]. 1780 56

The effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on serum levels of the acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) and intracellular enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK), have received little attention. If brain cells are damaged, CK-BB, LDH and AST levels are expected to show (minor) elevations. We measured serum levels of prolactin, AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, CK and CRP before and 5 min, 30 min, 4 h, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days after ECT in 15 consecutive patients (eight women and seven men; mean 53.9 years old, range 3082) who did not receive ECT in the preceding 2 weeks. Prolactin levels increased (P = 0.001), but none of the other mean concentrations significantly increased over time. All concentrations remained within the normal range in every patient, except for five samples with elevated CK levels (range 333-675 IU/l). CK-MB and CK-BB fractions, however, remained low, indicating that skeletal muscle was the source of the CK elevation. Serum levels of markers of brain cell leakage and inflammation remained low following one ECT session, suggesting that ECT does not cause direct brain cell leakage, nor an inflammatory response.
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PMID:Serum markers of brain-cell damage and C-reactive protein are unaffected by electroconvulsive therapy. 1785 85

Increased hepatic abnormality has been observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and contributes to the elevated apoptosis that results in severe disease activity. Since cystamine has been demonstrated to be beneficial for NZB/W F1 mice, this study investigates the effects of cystamine on various inflammatory and stress-related proteins in liver from NZB/W F1 mice. Nephelometric analyses and immunoblots were conducted to detect aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP), p53, p21, Gadd45, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). AST and ALT were reduced in NZB/W F1 mice that were given cystamine and CRP, p53, p21, Gadd45, HSP70 and COX-2 proteins in the liver were reduced in NZB/W F1 mice that were treated with cystamine. Moreover, cystamine has no obvious effect on BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that cystamine reduces the inflammation in liver of NZB/W F1 mice and provide a clue in treatment of SLE with liver abnormality.
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PMID:Transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine alleviates the abnormality in liver from NZB/W F1 mice. 1803 33

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) characterized by atrocious progression and numerous complications often leads to a high mortality rate due to hypermetabolism, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and multiple organs dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Studies have revealed that both early enteral nutrition (EEN) and emodin are potent agents in the management of SAP. However, whether the combined strategy is rational and more effective than either one alone remains unknown. In this regard, Wistar rats were treated with emodin-assisted EEN (EAEEN) through enteral nutrient tubes after induction of SAP by retrograde infusion of 5.0% sodium taurocholate into the common pancreatic duct. Serum levels of amylase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), angiotensin II (AngII), maleic dialdehyde (MDA), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and C-reactive protein (CRP), intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA), pancreatic and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as plasma levels of D-lactate and endotoxin were measured. In addition, pathologic alterations of pancreas and liver were observed microscopically. We found that EAEEN could significantly ameliorate these parameters and prevent pancreas and liver from serious damage. In conclusion, Our results indicated that EAEEN could exert beneficial effects on experimental SAP and obviously abate the severity of secondary hepatic injury. The combined strategy was safe and more effective than either one alone in the acute stage of SAP. This study also provided an experimental base for the clinical treatment of SAP patients with EAEEN.
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PMID:The effect of emodin-assisted early enteral nutrition on severe acute pancreatitis and secondary hepatic injury. 1828 70

1. The worldwide epidemic of obesity in adults has been mirrored in children in developed and developing countries. 2. Central obesity appears to be driving a cluster of abnormalities often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. 3. The definition of the metabolic syndrome in children is not suited to arbitrary cut-offs and a definition using the significant clustering of risk factors that is already evident in childhood and adolescent populations may be preferable. 4. An Australian population study showed that 25% of 8-year-olds and 29% of 14-year-olds could be described by the high risk cluster with features similar to adult metabolic syndrome. 5. The high risk cluster was significantly linked to high and low birthweight, shorter duration of breast-feeding, larger postnatal weight gains after 12 months of age and raised C-reactive protein, gamma glutamyl transferase and alanine transaminase levels. At-risk young adults have also been shown to have macroscopic atherosclerosis in post-mortem studies. 6. Identification of at-risk children has obvious benefits for the individual and as well, for prevention of a future cohort with raised cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, complexities and controversies exist in doing so. Familial, genetic and lifestyle risk factors aggregate and labelling children with predisease may be problematic. Committed political and societal changes are necessary to reduce childhood obesity and subsequent adult cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Childhood obesity, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome and adult cardiovascular disease. 1830 30

Most invasive fungal infections such as candidemia are frequent in patients with hematologic malignancies. We measured cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1, RANTES and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78), soluble molecules (sFas, sE-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and platelet activation markers (soluble CD40 ligand, sP-selectin and platelet-derived microparticles) in patients with hematologic malignancies under prophylactic treatment with an antifungal drug (fosfluconazole). We classified patients into 2 groups by the level of beta-D-glucan. The level of C-reactive protein was higher in the high beta-D-glucan group (>5 pg/ml) than in the low beta-D-glucan group. However, there were no differences in the levels of other parameters (peripheral blood cells, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine). Patients in the high beta-D-glucan group exhibited a significant elevation of several chemokines, soluble molecules and platelet activation markers compared with those in the low beta-D-glucan group, but the levels of IL-8, monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 and sFas did not differ significantly. The levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 increased significantly after 1 or 2 weeks on fosfluconazole in both groups. In contrast, the high beta-D-glucan group exhibited a significant decrease in chemokines, soluble markers and platelet-derived microparticles compared with the low beta-D-glucan group after treatment with fosfluconazole, although the patients in the low beta-D-glucan group exhibited no significant changes. Furthermore, the levels of RANTES, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and sE-selectin correlated positively with platelet-derived microparticles in the high beta-D-glucan group. These findings suggest that fungal infection may modulate the vascular events in which some platelet-related chemokines are involved.
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PMID:Elevation of activated platelet-dependent chemokines and soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with hematologic malignancies and high levels of beta-D-glucan. 1833 12

Lipocalin-2 (also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL]) has been described as a promising marker of metabolic syndrome associated with inflammation. The aim of our work was to develop an assay for the determination of lipocalin-2 in human serum and to investigate its levels in healthy volunteers and donors suffering from metabolic syndrome. We also conducted a pilot study on individuals with metabolic syndrome and on healthy probands and measured lipocalin-2 in these individuals. We developed and evaluated the sandwich ELISA method for the quantitative determination of human lipocalin-2 in serum samples. We measured blood pressure, waist circumference, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, glucose, creatinine, hs-CRP, and adiponectin and calculated the BMI and Quicki insulin sensitivity index. In the study on 153 healthy volunteers, we showed that sex and age are not determinative for lipocalin-2 serum values. Furthermore, we tested 45 individuals with metabolic syndrome; values of lipocalin-2 did not differ (78.8 vs. 80.0 microg/l, p =0.56) from the data of healthy individuals from the first study. Neither group differed with regard to sex or age. Lipocalin-2 correlated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r=-0.3, p<0.01) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (r=-0.3, p<0.01), cholesterol (r=-0.21, p=0.047), creatinine (r=0.19, p=0.05), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (r=0.22, p=0.036). No significant correlation was found between serum lipocalin-2 and BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL, Quicki, or the number of metabolic syndrome components. When study patients with metabolic syndrome were further stratified according to the number of components of metabolic syndrome, serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 did not differ. The results presented demonstrate the analytical competence of the lipocalin-2 assay. However, we assumed that lipocalin-2 is not a routinely usable marker of metabolic syndrome or obesity. The association between serum lipocalin-2 and obesity or metabolic syndrome was not validated in our study.
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PMID:Lipocalin-2: development, analytical characterization, and clinical testing of a new ELISA. 1839 69

Circulating levels and role of IL-6, IL-1ra, TNFsr-II and CRP in patients with heatstroke is not fully known. This study correlated levels of these mediators with outcome in 26 patients. In survivors (n=20), IL-6 concentration declined on cooling, whereas in non-survivors levels continued to increase at 6 h following admission before declining. Admission TNFsr-II concentrations in survivors were significantly lower than non-survivors and levels continued to rise in both groups. IL-1ra levels were markedly elevated in both groups. Changes in cytokine levels were not influenced by renal function. Elevated C-reactive protein levels were observed for both groups and remained so despite cooling, furthermore, there was no correlation with alanine aminotransferase levels. The study demonstrated the elevation of the above mediators and suggested a role in the pathogenesis of heatstroke. Markedly elevated levels or those that remained elevated despite cooling were associated with mortality.
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PMID:Cytokine changes in patients with heatstroke during pilgrimage to Makkah. 1847 47


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