Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to monitor hepatic function in patients with pneumonia meeting the sepsis criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) and to determine if hepatic dysfunction is related to the systemic inflammatory response. Twenty patients were recruited. The monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) test was carried out on days 1-10 after admittance to the intensive care unit. Blood samples for determination of serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 and conventional liver function tests (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin) were also drawn. Patients were classified into two groups according to illness severity estimated by the simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) on the day of admission. Patients in group I (n=10) had a SAPS II probability of mortality >3% while those in group II (n=10) had a SAPS II < 3%. The MEGX level over the first five days was significantly lower in group I than in group II (p<0.0001). Significant inverse correlations during the first 5 days were observed between the MEGX 30 min test results and IL-6, CRP and SAPS II and more modest correlations with hyaluronic acid (p=0.0025) and IL-10 (p=0.021). The conventional liver function tests did not differ between the two groups and were mostly within the respective reference ranges. We conclude that the MEGX test is a sensitive marker of liver dysfunction early in sepsis and that low MEGX values are associated with an enhanced inflammatory response.
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PMID:The monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) test as a marker of hepatic dysfunction in septic patients with pneumonia. 1115 41

The euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT), a traditional measure of plasminogen activation, directly depends on plasma fibrinogen (FBG) level. This fact was neglected in studies concluding that prolonged ECLT in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients pointed exclusively to impaired fibrinolysis. We studied the relations between ECLT and plasma FBG levels in HD patients in relation to certain hepatic and inflammatory markers. Median ECLT of 320 minutes (range, 150 to 620 minutes) and plasma FBG of 306 mg/dL (range, 171 to 553 mg/dL) were higher in 75 HD patients than in 60 healthy controls (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001). There were positive associations between these parameters both in the patients (Spearman p = 0.273, p = 0.018) and the controls (p = 0.672, p < 0.0001). The FBG-corrected ECLT (plasma FBG/ECLT) (in mg/[min x dL]) in the patients (0.92 [range, 0.47 to 2.43]) was not different (p = 0.065) from that in the controls (1.08 [0.58 to 1.67]). In the patients, serum alanine aminotransferase inversely correlated with ECLT (p = -0.306, p = 0.008) and FBG (p = -0.310, p = 0.007), whereas serum C-reactive protein was associated positively with these variables (p = 0.383, p = 0.0007; p = 0.477, p < 0.0001, respectively). The FBG-corrected ECLT was not related to either marker. In conclusion, increased plasma FBG level, a continuum between liver dysfunction and stimulation by chronic inflammation, is an important determinant of prolonged ECLT in HD patients. The FBG-corrected ECLT value suggests that baseline activation of fibrinolysis is normal in these patients, and that this simple index could be useful in its laboratory assessment.
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PMID:Plasma fibrinogen level is an important determinant of prolonged euglobulin clot lysis time in hemodialysis patients. 1169 12

A retrospective study was conducted on 72 children admitted to a medical center in Taiwan due to invasive pneumococcal infections diagnosed between January 1990 and April 2000. Of these patients, 28 had meningitis and 44 had other invasive diseases. Forty-one (56.9%) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin by the oxacillin disc diffusion method. The total mortality was 20.8%, 32.1% for meningitis, and 13.6% for other invasive diseases. Ten (52.6%) of the patients survived from meningitis had long-term sequelae. Statistical analysis showed that initial presentation of coma, shock, respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation, and leukopenia (leukocyte <4,000 /mm3) were associated with mortality of invasive pneumococcal infections. Low cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count (<50 /mm3) and high cerebrospinal fluid protein level (> or = 660 mg/dL) were also associated with mortality of meningitis. The presence of underlying diseases and high alanine aminotransferase level (> or = 100 U/L) were associated with fatal non-meningitic invasive diseases. Patients with shock and high alanine aminotransferase level but without high C-reactive protein level (> or = 20 mg/dL) were associated with rapidly fatal outcome. The outcome of invasive pneumococcal diseases was not associated with penicillin susceptibility.
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PMID:Clinical outcome of invasive pneumococcal infection in children: a 10-year retrospective analysis. 1195 Jan 16

Endotoxins of intestinal origin are supposed to play an important role in the development of alcoholic hepatitis in man. To estimate the role of immunoglobulin response to gut-derived endotoxin in the development of alcohol-induced liver disease, serum levels of IgA and IgG against fecal endotoxin, endotoxin, and acute-phase proteins were measured in patients with different stages of alcoholic liver disease and in healthy controls. Antibodies of type IgA, but not IgG, against fecal endotoxins were significantly increased in patients with alcohol-induced liver disease. IgA antibodies against fecal endotoxin were found to be closely correlated with the plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and C-reactive protein in patients with alcoholic liver disease. In conclusion, as IgA located in body tissue was shown to suppress the inflammatory process, enhanced production of IgA against endotoxin of intestinal origin may contribute to inactivation of this compound, thereby reducing its damaging effect on the liver.
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PMID:IgA against gut-derived endotoxins: does it contribute to suppression of hepatic inflammation in alcohol-induced liver disease? 1199 6

Surveillance for scrub typhus was conducted in Japan in 1998 using a questionnaire. A total of 462 cases were reported. Scrub typhus occurred in both the fall and spring in the northern part of Honshu (the main island), and in the fall in the central part of Honshu and on the island of Kyushu. The occurrence of the disease varied with age, gender, and activity. Seventy-six percent of the patients were more than 51 years old, and 36% and 16% of the patients were engaged in farm work and forestry, respectively. Fever, rash, and eschar were detected in 98%, 93%, and 97% of the patients, respectively. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase were detected in 96%, 87%, and 77% of the patients, respectively. Disseminated intravascular coagulation developed in 34 cases and had a unique regional distribution. This study shows the status of scrub typhus in Japan in 1998 and provides important information for diagnosis and prevention.
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PMID:Scrub typhus in Japan: epidemiology and clinical features of cases reported in 1998. 1238 41

C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp) and fibrinogen (Fbgn) are acute phase reactants (APRs), the blood levels of which increase during acute inflammation. However, although the levels of these APRs are used to monitor inflammation in man, their usefulness and sensitivity as markers of inflammation in rodents are less clear. We therefore wished to evaluate, in a comparative fashion, a prototype immunoassay for serum CRP, a commercial assay for serum Hp, and an automated assay for Fbgn, using a model of acute inflammation in the rat. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum protein fractions were also measured. The model of inflammation used was the intraperitoneal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). In a concluding experiment, findings with Hp in the FCA rat model were validated in a toxicologically relevant study involving the induction of acute hepatic inflammation using the model hepatotoxicant carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Female Wistar Han rats were treated with a single injection of FCA in a dose-response study (1.25-10.0 ml/kg, sampling at 36 h) and two time-course studies (over 40 h and 21 days). In a final experiment, rats were dosed with CCl(4) at 0.8 ml/kg and sampled over a 17-day period. In FCA and CCl(4) experiments, serum/plasma was prepared and tissues taken at autopsy for histological assessment (CCl(4) study only). In the dose-response study, serum CRP, Hp and plasma Fbgn were increased at all FCA dose levels at 36 h post-dosing. Serum alpha(2) and beta(1) globulin fractions were also increased, while albumin levels were decreased. In the 40-h time-course study, CRP levels peaked at 25-40 h post-dosing, to approximately 120% of control (as 100%). Hp levels increased to a maximum at 25 and 40 h post-dosing with values greater than 400% of control, and alpha(2) and beta(1) globulin fractions peaked at 30 and 40 h post-dosing to 221 and 187% of control, respectively. Increased serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels peaked at 20 h (11-fold) and 25 h (19-fold), respectively. In a 21-day time-course study, no increased CRP levels were measured despite elevated levels of Hp, which peaked at 36 h (approximately 7-fold above control), and remained elevated up to 21 days. IL-6 and IL-1beta levels peaked at 12 h (19-fold) and 24 h (28-fold), respectively. Liver histopathology of animals treated with CCl(4) showed centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis (most significant at 36 h) with an inflammatory response (most significant at 48 h). Resolution of the lesion was complete by 4 days post-dosing. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase levels peaked at 36 h post-dosing. Hp levels increased maximally at 48 h (426% of control). We conclude that serum CRP is a poor marker of acute inflammation in the rat in comparison with serum Hp and plasma Fbgn. Between Hp and Fbgn, serum Hp is shown to be the most sensitive and useful marker of acute inflammation.
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PMID:Markers of experimental acute inflammation in the Wistar Han rat with particular reference to haptoglobin and C-reactive protein. 1266 91

The annual statistical survey conducted at the end of 2000 by the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy collected responses from 3358 (99.94%) of 3360 institutions. Japan's total dialysis patient population at the end of the year 2000, as identified by this survey, was 206,134, an increase of 8921 (4.5%) over 1999. This translates to 1624.1 patients per million population. The annual crude mortality rate was 9.4% for the period starting at the end of the year 1999 and ending at the end of the year 2000. The mean patient age at the initiation of dialysis treatment was 63.8 (+/- 13.9; +/- SD) years; the mean age of the overall dialysis patient population was 61.2 years (+/- 13.3). Both these mean ages, which had been increasing since 1983, again continued to increase. Among the primary diagnosis, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy had continued to increase again since 1999, to 36.6%, whereas that of chronic glomerulonephritis had continued to decline, down to 32.5%, during the same one-year period since the 1999 survey. The 2000 years-end survey incorporated the following additional variables for the first time: usage of oral antihypertensives, pre- and post-dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum HDL cholesterol level, types and dosage of oral Vitamin D analogs administered, dosage of oral calcium carbonate administered, history of intervention for peripheral vascular disease (bypass surgery, synthetic graft replacement, stenting), history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), history of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), whether stenting had been previously performed for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, number of cigarettes smoked, the type of vascular access used at the initiation of dialysis, and the year and month the vascular access was created. The survey results indicate that 60.9% of the total dialysis patient population was using oral antihypertensives. The patients' mean serum HDL cholesterol level was 47.65 +/- 18.47 mg/dL, showing positive correlation with serum albumin level and reverse correlation with body mass index. 1.6% of all dialysis patients had previously undergone amputation, and 0.7% had a history of bypass surgery for peripheral vascular disorder. 4.5% of hemodialysis patients had a history of cardiac infarction, 1.6% had previously undergone CABG, and 2.8%, PTCA. At the time the survey was conducted, 2.0% of all dialysis patients were undergoing oral Vitamin D analog pulse therapy, and 6% were undergoing intravenous Vitamin D analog pulse therapy. A history of amputation, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and cerebral bleeding were identified as high-risk factors of vital prognosis. Additionally, high mortality risk was associated with the following: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels exceeding 20 IU/L; positive HCV antibody status; comorbid conditions such as hepatic cell carcinoma and liver cirrhosis; platelet counts below 100,000/mL or equal to or greater than 200,000/mL; C-reactive protein levels of 0.2 mg/dL and higher, leukocyte counts of less than 3000/mL or equal to or greater than 8000/mL; and body mass index of below 22 kg/m2, as well as total serum cholesterol levels of below 160 mg/dL or equal to or greater than 260 mg/dL.
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PMID:The current state of chronic dialysis treatment in Japan (as of December 31, 2000). 1292 Nov 11

Ferritin is an indispensable parameter in the diagnosis of latent iron deficiency anemia or siderosis. In this study, we evaluated the utility of a reagent for ferritin measurement in a latex agglutination (LA) test, using general chemistry analyzers. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.8-3.4% and the interassay CV was 0.0-0.7%. Linearity was observed up to 1100 ng/mL. The effective sensitivity value was 4.0 ng/mL. In addition, good results were obtained with the prozone test, the effects of interferences, correlation with the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method, and functional assay sensitivity. A significant positive correlation with C-reactive protein (r=0.586, P<0.001) was found. When compared with liver-related biochemical parameters (asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) in patients with impaired liver function, ferritin varied in parallel with the liver-related parameters. This assay system was able to measure ferritin accurately over a wide range, and thus could be used to diagnose cancer, siderosis, and iron deficiency anemia. The LA assay system can be employed for measurement with general chemistry analyzers, with rapid and convenient execution. In addition, the LA test allows the simultaneous measurement of other markers of iron deficiency anemia, so clinicians can rapidly obtain examination results.
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PMID:Latex agglutination test for ferritin measurement. 1461 45

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has rarely been documented in patients after splenectomy for gastric malignancy. We report a case of PVT that occurred after splenectomy as part of an en-bloc node dissection performed to treat gastric malignant lymphoma. A 38-year-old man underwent total gastrectomy and splenectomy with en-bloc D2 lymph node dissection. The spleen weighed 480 g. On postoperative day (POD) 31, the patient complained of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant accompanied by fever. Moderate elevations of C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were noted. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography disclosed thrombus in the portal vein and the splenic vein. There were no abnormalities in the levels of lupus anticoagulant, protein C antigen, protein S antigen, or antithrombin III (AT III). A diagnosis of PVT was made, and prompt treatment, including intravenous heparin combined with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was initiated, followed by longterm warfarin. This treatment resulted in clinical improvement, but failed to achieve thrombolysis in the portal vein. At follow-up after 6 months, the patient complained of postprandial abdominal pain with persistent peripheral edema and ascites. This case indicates that splenectomy for en-bloc node dissection in gastric malignancy is a possible cause of PVT. Because both the symptoms and the laboratory data in PVT are nonspecific, a high level of clinical suspicion and a low threshold for obtaining imaging examinations are important in the early diagnosis of PVT. Surgeons should remember PVT among several other complications whenever patients treated with radical gastrectomies are symptomatic and imaging studies are considered necessary.
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PMID:Portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy for gastric malignant lymphoma. 1471 20

In this prospective study, we investigated the serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) before and after the treatment of patients with acute brucellosis. The study comprised 58 patients with acute brucellosis and 30 healthy volunteers. Pre-treatment serum HGF levels of 58 patients with acute brucellosis (1548.6 +/- 220.1) were significantly higher than levels of the control group (401.4 +/- 69.7) (p < 0.001). Serum levels of HGF and CRP significantly decreased at the end of the treatment period (p < 0.001). Post treatment, levels did not differ from those of the control group (p > 0.05). Serum HGF levels of patients with acute brucellosis correlated to CRP and ALT levels (r: 0.922, 0.752; p < 0.001, respectively). Our findings suggest that serum HGF levels may be used as a supplementary marker to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment in patients with acute brucellosis.
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PMID:Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in patients with acute brucellosis. 1506 64


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