Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical significance of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection was studied in 35 patients with various liver diseases of unknown etiology. Diseases included 5 cases of acute hepatitis, 23 cases of chronic liver diseases, and 7 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. None of the patients showed evidence of hepatitis A, B, or C virus infection. HGV RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) within 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), nonstructure (NS) 3 region, and NS5 region. RT-PCR within 5'UTR and NS5 detected HGV RNA in 9 of 35 patients, while that within NS3 detected HGV RNA in only 2 patients. This result suggests that RT-PCR within 5'UTR and NS5 as a primer is more sensitive than NS3 in Japanese patients. HGV RNA was detected in 3 of 5 cases of acute hepatitis, 3 of 23 cases of chronic liver diseases, and 1 of 7 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. The HGV positive rate was high in patients with acute hepatitis suggesting that HGV might cause acute liver injury. In patients with chronic liver injury, the elevation of serum ALT levels was mild for about 2 years, but persistent HGV infection existed. The studied patients had no causative agent except for HGV. Therefore, HGV was thought to be an important etiological agent for liver injury.
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PMID:The significance of hepatitis G virus infection in patients with non-A to C hepatic diseases. 1043 Mar 61

To clarify the role of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in liver dysfunction following allogeneic BMT, we examined cryopreserved serum samples from 33 patients who had a history of blood transfusions before BMT and whose serum samples had been stored periodically, before BMT, on day 100, and thereafter for the presence of HGV-RNA and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Nineteen patients (58%) out of 33 were positive for HGV-RNA before BMT and 10 for HCV-RNA. All patients positive for HCV-RNA were also positive for HGV-RNA. Patients were divided into three groups according to their viral status before BMT; namely, the G+C+ group (n = 10), the G+C- group (n = 9) and the G-C- group (n = 14). Two patients in the G-C- group became positive for HGV-RNA after BMT. One patient in the G+C- group suffered an acute exacerbation of hepatitis, with GPT levels reaching over 1000 IU/l, 2 and 3 years after BMT, showing quite a different clinical course from those in the G+C- group. Excluding these three patients, GPT levels of the patients in the G+C+ group were significantly higher after day 100 and remained higher than those of patients in the G+C- and G-C- groups for at least 4 years. There were no significant differences in post-transplant GPT levels between the G+C- group and the G-C- group at any time point. Of the seven patients followed-up for 5 to 10 years, three patients became HGV-RNA-negative, while four remained positive. In the absence of HCV co-infection, the behavior of GPT values post transplant in patients with HGV infection did not differ from those without HGV infection. With respect to the patient who was G+C- and showed high values of GPT 2 and 3 years post transplant, we suspect that his liver dysfunction might have been caused by some unknown virus or etiology.
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PMID:Long-term liver function of recipients with hepatitis G virus infection after bone marrow transplantation. 1046 23

We administered interferon (IFN) to two patients who had quadruple infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and TT virus (TTV), a recently isolated novel DNA virus. Nine mega-units of natural alpha-IFN were administered daily during the first two weeks and thrice weekly during the following 22 weeks (total dose, 720 mega-units). In both cases, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decreased during IFN administration but increased thereafter. The concentrations of HCV, HIV, HGV, and TTV declined with the administration of IFN. However, the concentrations of these 4 viruses increased after the cessation of IFN with the except of TTV in patient 2 which disappeared during treatment and did not subsequently reappear. IFN reduced the concentrations of 4 viruses, in an apparently independent manner.
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PMID:Interferon treatment of two patients with quadruple infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and TT virus (TTV). 1053 4

Little is known about the natural history and the pathogenicity of the TT virus (TTV). We present our findings of a cross-sectional study based on the TTV DNA screening of 173 multiple-transfused patients and a longitudinal study based on the follow-up of TTV DNA-positive patients. Overall, 48 patients (27.7%) tested positive for TTV DNA. The influence of the number of blood donor exposures on the prevalence of blood-borne viral infection indicates that TTV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and an RNA virus known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) share a parenteral transmission, but that TTV, in contrast to the 2 other viruses, is also transmitted by at least another efficient means. The patients having a well-defined date of TTV infection were positive for TTV DNA during a mean period of 3.1 years. A chronic infection was observed in 31 cases (86%). TTV carriage appeared clinically benign in all patients. No clinical evidence of a disease potentially linked to the TTV infection was observed in patients with TTV DNA carriage over several years. The majority of TTV carriers had no biochemical evidence of liver disease. The prevalence of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was higher in the TTV DNA-positive group, even in the absence of HCV infection, but the observed peaks of ALT level were most often transient and very mild. The prevalence of TTV DNA observed in blood recipients is consistent with that of TTV infection observed in blood donors. TTV infection frequently tends to persist. (Blood. 2000;95:347-351)
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PMID:Natural history of the TT virus infection through follow-up of TTV DNA-positive multiple-transfused patients. 1060 23

The prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection was investigated in 56 mothers with both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thirty-three (58.8%) women had markers of HGV infection, including 7/15 (46.6%) with no history of parenteral exposure to blood. Sixteen (48%) had HGV RNA in serum by a polymerase chain reaction assay, and 17 (52%) had antibody to E2 viral protein. No woman was positive for both markers. Of 20 infants born to the 16 mothers with HGV viremia, 9 (45%, 95% CI 34-56%) acquired the infection. No infected child seroconverted to HGV during the first year of life. At the latest visit (mean: 37.1 mo, range: 9-89 mo) 7 children were still seronegative HGV RNA carriers, 1 was both RNA- and antibody-negative, while 1 RNA-negative child had developed the E2 antibody. Of the 20 HGV-exposed infants, 2 contracted HCV and 1 HIV-1 (all 3 with HGV coinfection). No abnormalities in clinical findings and ALT levels were observed throughout the follow-up period in the six children with HGV infection alone. Our findings show that HGV infection is widespread among HIV-1- and HCV-infected women. Maternal-infant transmission of HGV is common and occurs independently from that of HIV-1 and HCV in women with triple infection. Most perinatally HGV-infected children develop persistent infection with no clinical or biological signs of liver damage, at least in the first years of life.
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PMID:High rate of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus-infected women. 1062 28

A molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV RNA, determined by reverse transcription-PCR for a portion of the NS3 region of the viral genome, was 2.7% (4 of 150) among randomly collected blood donor sera, which were all negative for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV). On the other hand, the prevalence among anti-HCV-positive blood donors was 17.8% (13 of 73), with the ratio being significantly higher than that observed with the anti-HCV-negative blood donors (P < 0.001). A high prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection was also observed among patients with chronic liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis (5.7%), liver cirrhosis (11. 5%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (7.0%), and patients on maintenance hemodialysis (29.0%). No correlation was observed between GBV-C/HGV viremia and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the populations tested, suggesting the possibility that GBV-C/HGV does not cause apparent liver injury. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of a portion of the 5' untranslated region and the E1 region of the viral genome identified, in addition to a previously reported then novel group of GBV-C/HGV variants (group 4), another novel group of variants (group 5). This result suggests that GBV-C/HGV can be classified into at least five genetic groups. GBV-C/HGV isolates of group 4 and group 5 were each shown to comprise approximately 40% of the total Indonesian isolates.
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PMID:Prevalence of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia, and identification of novel groups of sequence variants. 1065 64

It is still unclear whether hepatitis G virus (HGV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection influences the natural course of chronic HCV infection and the response to interferon (IFN) therapy. In this study, we investigated the HGV RNA changes and responses to IFN therapy of HGV RNA-positive hepatitis C patients. The presence of HGV RNA in 264 patients who received IFN therapy at our institute was examined using the nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers deduced from the 5' non-coding region (5'-NCR) of the HGV. We also analysed the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-NCR and HGV before and after IFN therapy. Twelve (4.5%) of the 264 patients with chronic hepatitis C were HGV RNA positive. Of these 12 patients, full information was available in nine. Of those nine, seven became HGV RNA negative during IFN therapy but in six of the seven a relapse occurred. HCV RNA was not detected 1 year after IFN therapy in six patients. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of all the HCV RNA-negative patients post-treatment was within the normal range, irrespective of their HGV RNA status. Nucleotide sequences did not change after IFN therapy in any patient. Hence, we confirm that HGV is sensitive to IFN therapy but the liver damage caused by HGV infection is very mild or does not modify the liver function tests.
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PMID:Biochemical and virological response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C, co-infected with hepatitis G virus. 1071 42

To determine the prevalence, as well as the clinical, virological and histological implications of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBC-C/HGV) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, sera from 671 well-characterized patients with chronic HCV infection were tested for GBV-C/HGV RNA using a sensitive and specific reverse transcription 'nested' polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). GBV-C/HGV RNA was detected in 65 of 671 (9. 7%) patients with chronic HCV infection. Importantly, GBV-C/HGV co-infection was not associated with any changes in indices of liver diseases, including serum alanine transaminase levels, Knodell score or histology activity index (HAI). In this cohort, GBV-C/HGV co-infection was weakly associated with a shorter mean estimated duration of HCV infection and a higher median HCV viraemia level. We conclude that GBV-C/HGV has minimal or no impact on liver disease activity in patients with chronic HCV infection. This data supports the notion that GBV-C/HGV may not be a hepatitis virus.
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PMID:Clinical, virological and histological implications of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a multicentre study based on 671 patients. 1071 43

The impact of transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) infection on acute fulminant and non-fulminant hepatitis is unclear. In this study, serum samples from 164 patients with acute hepatitis of various aetiologies, from 34 asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers and from 202 healthy adults were tested for TTV DNA by the semiconserved nested polymerase chain reaction. TTV viraemia was prevalent in patients with acute hepatitis C, in patients with acute hepatitis D virus superinfection and in patients with non-A-E hepatitis (27-30%) but the incidence was not significantly different from that of healthy controls (31 of 202, 15.3%). There were no significant differences in gender, age, presence of hepatitis G virus, the occurrence of fulminant hepatitis, or in serum albumin, bilirubin or alanine aminotransferase levels (9/30 vs 35/134) between patients with or without TTV viraemia. Seven of the nine TTV-positive patients with fulminant hepatitis were co-infected with hepatitis C, D or E. TTV clones from 18 subjects, with or without fulminant hepatitis, were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. Eleven (61. 1%) belonged to TTV group 1, six (33.3%) to TTV group 2 and one to TTV group 3. No particular strain of TTV was associated with fulminant hepatitis. In summary, in Taiwan, TTV is prevalent in the general population as well as in patients with liver diseases. TTV plays an insignificant role in acute fulminant and non-fulminant hepatitis. Its influence on outcome requires a longitudinal study.
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PMID:Detection and viral nucleotide sequence analysis of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in acute fulminant and non-fulminant hepatitis. 1071 44

We reappraised biochemical hepatitis C activity in hemodialysis patients in comparison with normal controls. A total of 111 hemodialysis patients and 66 healthy volunteer blood donors with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were consecutively enrolled. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were normal (< or =45 U/L) in 103 (93%) hemodialysis patients and 34 (52%) donors (p < 0.001). HCV viremic levels were lower in the hemodialysis group (p = 0.044), with no difference in the HCV genotype prevalence. During two-year follow-up, 60 (67%) of 90 hemodialysis patients and 13 (26%) of 50 donors showed persistently normal ALT levels (p < 0.001). For hemodialysis patients, however, the upper normal limit of ALT activity was reset at 25 U/L corresponding to the mean + 2 x SD for the normalized ALT distribution in 400 control patients. The adjusted ALT levels were initially normal in 73 (66%) hemodialysis patients and persistently normal in 19 (21%). Thus, ALT levels were the same for the two groups. GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) coinfection found only in the hemodialysis group (10/111) had no influence on the disease. A relationship was noted between low disease activity and female gender in both groups. These findings indicate that biochemical hepatitis C activity in hemodialysis patients is similar to that in normal controls and should be monitored based on adjusted ALT levels.
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PMID:Reappraisal of biochemical hepatitis C activity in hemodialysis patients. 1073 Sep 25


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