Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review of the relevant literature strongly suggests that several medical and laser treatments presently used in glaucoma therapy, and other potential treatments under investigation, reduce IOP, at least, in part, by stimulating endogenous PG synthesis. There are four lines of evidence leading to this conclusion. (1) PGs are potent ocular hypotensive agents. (2) Adrenergic and cholinergic agonists stimulate PG synthesis by ocular tissues in vitro. (3) Epinephrine and ALT cause elevation of PG levels in the aqueous humor in vivo. (4) PG synthesis inhibitors such as indomethacin or flurbiprofen block, or partially inhibit, the reduction of IOP produced by epinephrine, para-aminoclonidine, forskolin, vanadate, verapamil, arachidonic acid, and ALT in rabbits, cats, monkeys, and/or humans. This last finding has great clinical importance with regard to the efficacy of such treatment modalities as epinephrine and ALT, since it indicates that these modalities may be less effective in reducing IOP in glaucoma patients who are taking systemic PG synthesis inhibitors - such as aspirin or indomethacin - for arthritis, cerebrovascular disease, arteriosclerotic coronary vascular disease, headache, or the common cold. Other surgical procedures for glaucoma such as cyclocryotherapy or other cyclodestructive procedures may also reduce IOP in part by stimulating local PG synthesis. Since PGs are produced in various ocular tissues and some of these PGs are highly potent ocular hypotensive agents, their potential role in mediating the reduction of IOP produced by medical or surgical modalities of glaucoma therapy must always be considered. Furthermore, these considerations support the concept that topical application of an appropriately selected PG, or its derivative, may provide a more direct means of lowering IOP than some of the currently used procedures or therapeutic agents.
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PMID:The role of endogenous prostaglandins in clinically-used and investigational glaucoma therapy. 250 30

The incidence of anti-IgG antibodies (rheumatoid factors, RF) in body fluids (sera, synovial fluids and aqueous humor) selected from 62 normal and 275 diseased dogs was studied. Fluids were assayed by canine versions of standard agglutinating and/or precipitating RF assays with routine application in human practice. The number of RF detected by dog IgG-coated particles was substantially higher by latex fixation test (LFT) than by modified Rose-Waaler (RW) test (61/144 vs. 14/144). This did not result from false positives by LFT since latex activity was completely inhibited by aggregated dog IgG. Some evidence is presented indicating that results obtained by standard RW in particular, but also those obtained by standard LFT, might be improved by modifying testing conditions currently used. Body fluids were further studied for the presence of precipitins to aggregated dog IgG in 0.6% agarose (gel precipitation test (GPT]. The frequency of RF was higher by GPT than by LFT, both in normal control fluids (for sera 26/52 vs. 19/52) and patient material (for sera 135/197 vs. 95/197). Thus, the canine RF appear to be a serum component with an unexpectedly high frequency in both normal and diseased dogs, but grossly underestimated by the recommended routine RF assays based on agglutination. The GPT, which combines a superior detection rate of theoretically also agglutinating RF with an inability to detect RF quantitatively, seems an ideal RF 'indicator' test to dictate improvements to the quantitative LFT/RW assays so as to facilitate RF detection at clinically relevant concentrations. Thus optimized, RW/LFT would provide the optimal detection apparatus for the ultimate isolation of the relevant 'RF' repertoire present, for comparative studies aimed ultimately at unraveling the etiopathogenesis of the 'real' RF.
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PMID:Antibodies to immunoglobulin-G in dog sera, synovial fluids and aqueous humor: a comparative study of rheumatoid factor assays, suitable for routine application. 325 18

The clinical usefulness of injectable biapenem (BIPM) was examined for various infectious diseases in the fields of internal medicine, urology, surgery, orthopedics, obstetrics and gynecology, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, dermatology, oral surgery, and plastic surgery. BIPM was administered by intravenous drip infusion at a dose of 150, 300, or 600 mg twice a day. The concentrations in various body fluid and tissues were also examined. 1. In the total enrollment of 256 cases, the numbers subjected to the analyses for clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy, side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were 214, 170, 252 and 251 cases, respectively. 2. The clinical efficacy rate was 85.5% (183/214 cases) as a whole, being 2/2 for sepsis, 6/8 for cellulitis and lymphangitis, 76.2% (16/21) for traumatic, operative wound and burn infections, 4/6 for osteomyelitis and arthritis, 92.9% (13/14) for peritonsillar abscess and peritonsillitis, 83.3% (15/18) for chronic lower respiratory tract infection, 7/7 for pneumonia, 83.3% (30/36) for complicated urinary tract infection, 100% (14/14) for cholecystitis and cholangitis, 88.2% (15/17) for peritonitis, 86.5% (32/37) for internal genital infection, 8/9 for pelvic peritonitis, 2/4 for corneal ulcer, orbital infection and panophthalmitis, 1/2 for otitis media, 4/4 for sinustitis, 93.3% (14/15) for osteitis of jaw and cellulitis of mouth floor. The efficacy rate in the poor responders to the pretreatment by other antibiotics was 86.4% (70/81). 3. 300 strains of causative organisms were isolated from 170 cases which contained polymicrobial infections. The elimination rate of causative organisms was 85.3% (256/300 strains), in terms of bacteriological efficacy. 4. Side effects were noted in 11 of 252 cases (4.4%) with 11 events. The signs and symptoms were the skin symptoms (5 cases), gastro-intestinal symptoms (3 cases), interstitial pneumonia (2 cases), and feeling bad (1 case), all of which disappeared during treatment or after the discontinuation of treatment. The abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 31 of 251 cases (12.4%) with 50 events, and major ones were an increase in eosinophils, and elevations of AST, ALT, gamma-GTP and Al-p. 5. The concentrations of BIPM in body fluid and tissues were determined in 46 cases (212 samples) most of which were administered 300 mg of BIPM by intravenous drip infusion for 60 minutes. The concentrations in the sputum within 6 hours after administration were 0.1-2.5 micrograms/g. The maximum concentrations in body fluid and tissues were 0.2-1.8 micrograms/g or ml in the bile, middle ear mucosa, tonsillar tissue, aqueous humor and bone tissues and were 2.0-5.7 micrograms/g or ml in the gallbladder, maxillary sinus mucous membrane, ethmoidal sinus mucous membrane, oral tissues, skin, woman genitals, synovia, joint tissue, and the eschar. The concentrations in the uterine arterial plasma and retroperitoneal fluid were almost similar to those in the cubitl vein plasma. From the above-mentioned results of clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy, and safety, injectable BIPM was confirmed to be useful in the treatment of moderate, severe and/or refractory infections in various fields.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of biapenem in various infectious diseases]. 1065 41