Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Apart from viruses, hepatotoxins, hereditary metabolic disorders, immunological factors and cholestasis may cause chronic hepatitis both clinically and histologically. As far as the etiology is concerned, a complete history can be very helpful. The clinical examination, however, is rarely diagnostic. Nevertheless, some clinical signs (e.g. ascites, splenomegaly, spider naevi) are suggestive of cirrhosis. The activities of gammaglutamyl transferase and ALT in the serum are augmented in most of the patients with chronic hepatitis independent of its etiology. Electrophoresis reveals disturbance of serum albumin and globulin ratios. "Basic' laboratory tests are supplemented by carefully selected additional investigations (e.g. immunological tests) according to the history and clinical data of the individual patient. Retrograde cholangiography is diagnostic in the majority of patients suffering from primary-sclerosing cholangitis. Liver histology, best obtained during laparoscopy, allows classification (and prognosis) of the underlying liver disease in many patients. Results of iron and copper determination in liver tissue are diagnostic in cases of congenital liver disease (hemochromatosis, M. Wilson).
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PMID:[Current diagnosis of chronic nonviral hepatitis]. 898 77

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of volume replacement with recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), which was developed to reduce the consumption of human blood derivatives, on maintaining hepatic energy metabolism. Hemorrhagic shock with a mean blood pressure of 50 mmHg was induced within 20 min and maintained for 60 min by Wiggars' method in rabbits. Fluid resuscitation replacing two thirds of the blood withdrawn with plasma-derived 5% human serum albumin (pHSA; n = 7) or rHSA (n = 10), or replacing double the volume of blood withdrawn with lactated Ringer's solution (n = 7) was completed within 20 min, and observed for 120 min. No significant differences were observed in the blood pressures, blood gas analyses, blood counts, biochemical parameters (e.g., alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) or blood glucose levels among the three groups. There were also no significant differences in the parameters of hepatic energy metabolism such as blood pyruvate and lactate levels and their ratios, ketone body concentrations and their ratios, and hepatic tissue energy charge levels among the experimental groups. It is suggested that volume replacement with rHSA, like pHSA, is able to maintain hemodynamics and organ function in hemorrhagic shock, particularly hepatic energy metabolism.
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PMID:Effects of fluid resuscitation with recombinant human serum albumin solution on maintaining hepatic energy metabolism in hemorrhagic shock rabbits. 901 Sep 64

In order to evaluate the pathogenetic role of iron in Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), the metabolism of iron was studied in 440 patient with PCT and associated chronic liver disease (CLD) and in 91 nonporphyric CLD patients (used as a control group). The parameters considered were the following: serum iron, ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and percent saturation of transferrin. The statistical analysis showed that the differences between the means, in the two groups, were not significant in any of the parameters examined. To investigate the possible relationships between iron metabolism and other chemico-clinical parameters concerning the porphyric disease, the associated hepatic disease and hemometry, we studied the correlations between iron parameters and total urinary and serum porphyrins, serum copper, serum albumin, hemoglobin, red blood cells, ALT, AST, CHE and GLDH. This investigation was only possible in the last 99 cases. In addition to the obvious correlations between the parameters concerning iron metabolism, the highly significant (p < 0.001) correlation between ferritin and enzyme activities which indicate cytolysis (ALT, AST, GLDH) is extremely interesting. The results seem to point to the tentative conclusion that the alterations of iron metabolism are more related to the hepatocellular necrosis than to the metabolism of porphyrins.
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PMID:Iron and porphyria cutanea tarda. 907 91

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) could be of value in the treatment of liver disease; however, their use in this situation is limited by renal side effects. Therefore, we explored whether naproxen covalently bound to human serum albumin NAP-HSA) was able to reduce toxicity in an acute model of liver disease induced by endotoxin in rats pretreated with Corynebacterium parvum. In the isolated perfused liver of such animals endotoxin induced cholestasis (0.62 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 microliter.min-1.g liver-1; p < 0.05), increased vascular resistance (11300 +/- 400 vs. 311000 +/- 2000 dyn.s.cm-5; p < 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase release (22 +/- 9 vs. 149 +/- IU/l; p < 0.05). At the highest dose tested (22 mg/kg, corresponding to 6.0 mumoles naproxen), NAP-HSA normalized ALT release (21 +/- 10 IU/l: p < 0.05) while an equimolar amount of non-targeted naproxen was only partially effective (56 +/- 19 IU/l). A conventional dose of naproxen similarly prevented transaminase release. Cholestasis and increased vascular resistance were also prevented by NAP-HSA. Drug targeting by linking drugs to proteins is a potentially useful approach to maximizing drug effect while minimizing adverse events; this could be particularly useful for compounds with potentially serious adverse effects in patients with chronic liver disease such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents used in the present study.
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PMID:Targeting naproxen to non-parenchymal liver cells protects against endotoxin induced liver damage. 916 87

We established a versatile method for the measurement of indocyanine green maximal removal rate (ICG Rmax) to detect hepatic functional mass in conscious rats using a repeated blood sampling procedure. On investigation of the optimal technical conditions, the appropriate intravenous administered doses of ICG were 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, and the best blood collection times for calculating plasma half-life at these doses were immediately before, and 4, 7 and 10 min after ICG injection. The interval among the respective ICG injections was more than 4 hr. In hepatectomized rats, the ICG Rmax value was reduced to about 50% and 20% of sham-operated rats in mean 2/3 and 4/5 liver resections, respectively, suggesting that it would almost extrapolate to hepatic surviving reserves under these experimental conditions. In rats treated subcutaneously with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 0.1 and 0.25 ml/kg) thrice weekly during a 17-week period (120 days), a decrease in ICG Rmax value did not correlate with increases in serum alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin values throughout the experimental periods. However, the reduced ICG Rmax well correlated with decreases in serum albumin and cholinesterase (CHE) values from day 50. Histological examinations in the liver revealed that nodules of hepatocytes were separated by thick fibrous bands, defining the typical aspect of cirrhosis on day 30 to 90. These results suggest that the measurement of ICG Rmax is a valuable tool for the estimation of hepatic functional integrity in rats.
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PMID:Application of maximal removal rate of indocyanine green to the determination of hepatic functional mass in conscious rats. 919 53

Gall-bladder wall thickening is commonly seen in patients with cirrhosis, but its exact causes have not been well established. We evaluated clinical, biochemical and haemodynamic data of patients with cirrhosis with respect to the presence of thickening of the gall-bladder wall. After excluding patients who presented with gallstones, acute or chronic cholecystitis, heart failure, a serum creatinine level greater than 2 mg/dL and/or a serum alanine aminotransferase level greater than 400 U/L, 77 patients with cirrhosis (75 male, two female; mean age 58 +/- 8 years) were enrolled in the study. Clinical, biochemical, ultrasound and haemodynamic data were obtained in every patient. Forty-one (53%) of 77 patients with cirrhosis had gall-bladder wall thickening (> 4 mm). Compared with patients with a normal gall-bladder wall, patients with gall-bladder wall thickening had significantly lower serum albumin levels (3.6 +/- 0.6 vs 2.9 +/- 0.7 gm/dL, respectively; P < 0.05), a longer prothrombin time (13 +/- 6 vs 16 +/- 6 s, respectively; P < 0.05), more patients with Child-Pugh class C (6 vs 37%, respectively; P < 0.05) and more patients with ascites (8 vs 50%, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, compared with patients with a normal gall-bladder wall, those patients with gall-bladder wall thickening had a higher hepatic venous pressure gradient (13.9 +/- 4.5 vs 17.1 +/- 4.1 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01) and a lower systemic vascular resistance (SVR; 1144 +/- 332 vs 1010 +/- 318 dyn.s/cm5, respectively; P < 0.05). Using a multivariate analysis, the presence of ascites and SVR lower than 900 dyn.s/cm5 were independently correlated with the presence of gall-bladder wall thickening, while a hepatic vein pressure gradient greater than 10 mmHg had only a marginally significant association. The presence of ascites, decreased SVR and portal hypertension are related to the occurrence of gall-bladder wall thickening in patients with cirrhosis, indicating that the development of gall-bladder wall thickening may be multifactorial.
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PMID:Gall-bladder wall thickening in patients with liver cirrhosis. 919 2

The experiment were carried out on 40, 3-week old rats who received solutions of aminoacids, glucose, fat, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins. The ratio of non-protein calories to grams of nitrogen was: Group I-75:1, Group II-200:1, Group III-500:1. Control Group IV was on standard Murigan chow. The analysis included the following parameters: body mass, serum albumin concentration, GOT, GPT and ECH, and microscopic liver studies. The results show that body mass increases in Group I-III (7.5 g, SD 2.18; 1.45 g, SD 2.33; 1.85 g, SD 1.56 respectively) were significantly lower when compared to the controls (11.6 g, SD 2.72), with p < 0.001. Blood serum albumin concentration values were lower in Group I, II and III, and transaminase activity was elevated in comparison to the controls. Histological analysis showed mitochondrial damage and parenchymal degeneration with proliferation of Browicz-Kupfer cells in Group I and III animals, and no structural hepatic changes in Group II and in the controls. The results suggest a relationship between the above disturbances and the composition of the administrated solutions.
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PMID:[Incorrect caloric-nitrogen composition of parenteral nutrition solutions as a factor for causing liver damage--an animal model]. 919 31

To determine whether decreases in plasma antithrombin (AT) level, as seen in non-gestational acquired AT deficiency, result from a hypercoagulable state and/or liver/kidney damage, AT activity was measured in 24 uncomplicated and 30 preeclamptic women. The fifth percentile of AT levels in the normal pregnancies was used as a cut-off value to subdivide the preeclamptic patients into two groups. Markers of activated coagulation, i.e, levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrin D-dimer, soluble fibrin, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and platelet counts, were determined. Indicators of hepatic or renal function, i.e. concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urinary albumin (U-albumin) and serum albumin (S-albumin), were assayed. AT levels were lower in those with preeclampsia than in the normal pregnancy group (P < 0.01). In the group with AT levels less than the cut-off point, levels of fibrin D-dimer (P < 0.05), soluble fibrin (P < 0.05), vWF (P < 0.05), ALT (P < 0.05), AST (P < 0.05), creatinine (P < 0.01) and U-albumin (P < 0.01) were increased, whereas platelet counts (P < 0.05) and S-albumin (P < 0.05) were decreased. All patients with ALT levels > 0.46 mu kat/1, AST > 0.58 mu kat/1, S-albumin < 23 g/1 and/or U-albumin > 4.9 g/24 h had AT levels < or = cut off. AT levels correlated with vWF (rs = - 0.73, P < 0.01) and creatinine (Rs = -0.70, P < 0.01). It is suggested that in preeclampsia, acquired AT deficiency is secondary to a hypercoagulable state, and/or associated with impaired hepatic and/or renal function.
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PMID:Acquired deficiency of antithrombin in association with a hypercoagulable state and impaired function of liver and/or kidney in preeclampsia. 919 20

Sixty chronic active hepatitis patients complicated with hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin > 171 mumol/L) were treated with combined treatment of Ganyan IV and Western medicine. The curative effect was compared with that treated with Western medicine alone as control (56 cases). Result showed that the effect of combined therapy group was much better than that of the control in eliminating the jaundice, descending the alanine transaminase (ALT) and improving the reversed A/G ratio (P < 0.05-0.001). In experimental studies, Ganyan IV was applied to the mice with acute liver damage formed by CCl4. It also showed significant effect on reducing total bilirubin and elevating the serum albumin statistically as compared with control (P < 0.05 = 0.01). In addition Ganyan IV could accellerating the bile excretion of normal as well as of liver damaged rats significantly. It was concluded that the Ganyan IV has the effects of treating jaundice, descending transaminase, elevating serum albumin and improving A/G ratio.
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PMID:[Clinical and experimental study on effect of ganyan IV in treatment of chronic active hepatitis complicated with hyperbilirubinemia]. 920 42

We examined 111 patients with acute type- or lymphoma type-adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and compared them with 106 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In addition to skin involvement and hypercalcemia which are already known to be frequent in ATL, ATL patients showed an higher incidence of hepatic involvement. There was more frequent palpable hepatomegaly, higher total bilirubin, GOT, GPT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase values in ATL than in NHL patients (p < 0.0001). Among 36 autopsied liver samples, invasion of ATL cells was confirmed in 22 cases. ATL patients with impaired hepatic function showed shorter survival times than patients without hepatic dysfunction. Moreover, ATL patients showed a worse performance status (PS), a higher incidence of lytic bone lesions, lower total protein (TP) and serum albumin levels than NHL patients. This invasive characters of ATL cells and consequent impaired general condition seemed to be factors affecting the poor prognosis recorded in ATL.
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PMID:Frequent hepatic involvement in adult T cell leukemia: comparison with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 932 95


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