Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels are normal or discretely increased in rats with chronic extrahepatic cholestasis (CEHC). During the acute phase (first 72 h after biliary obstruction), however, serum transaminase values are quite elevated due to a mechanism not yet fully elucidated. Thus, this is a good experimental model, not involving hepatocellular necrosis, for the study of serum ALT and AST levels during the acute phase of CEHC. Male Wistar rats (250-350 g) were divided into two groups: group A (N = 60) was submitted to sham operation for bile duct ligation (BDL), and group B (N = 60) was submitted to BDL. Thirty and 120 min after BDL there was a 1.5-fold increase in both serum ALT and AST levels compared to sham-operated rats (P less than 0.05). Serum ALT levels were higher than AST levels as early as 30 min after BDL and the highest serum values for both transaminases were observed at 360 min which was also the last value measured. Serum AST levels increased 120 min after BDL, with no further significant increases thereafter.
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PMID:Serum transaminase levels in the acute phase of chronic extrahepatic cholestasis. 210 Oct 66

Serological tests may be of value in differentiating acute and chronic bile duct obstruction because the rate of alteration of hepatic cellular integrity and function will affect the rate of cellular product release. In a canine model the common bile duct was obstructed either suddenly (N = 7) or gradually (N = 5). A control group (N = 5) had the common bile duct dissected free from the surrounding tissues. Blood was taken before and 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days after initiating obstruction. Serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were significantly greater with sudden compared to gradual occlusion, and the values were larger than those in the control. The range of values of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase did not overlap in the acute and chronic groups at specific times. Serum albumin and total protein were normal in all groups. The magnitude of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin elevation may help in the differentiation of acute and chronic biliary obstruction.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of liver function tests in bile duct obstruction. 256 54

The activities in serum of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and cholinesterase were compared after complete biliary obstruction (CBO) and choledochocaval fistula (CCF) in the rat. CCF was used as a model of complete biliary retention without bile stasis and without increased pressure in the biliary tract. The increases in AP, GLDH and gamma-GT within 24-h post-op. show no difference between the two experimental groups. The conclusion is that the retention of biliary constituents alone is responsible for the increase in the levels of serum activity and that other conditions like bile stasis and increased pressure in the biliary tract do not play an important role in the pathogenesis of these alterations. The rise of GPT activity in CCF is of a lesser degree than in CBO.
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PMID:The serum activities of AP, gamma-GT, GLDH, GPT and CHE after complete biliary obstruction and choledochocaval fistula in the rat. 256 1

The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the influence of interruption of the hepatic blood flow on survival and on prolonged jaundice after biliary decompression in dogs with obstructive jaundice. There were three experimental groups. Two or three weeks after inducing obstructive jaundice by ligation of the common bile duct with cholecystectomy, the hepatic artery (group A), portal vein (group B) or both (group C) were interrupted for various intervals, with antibiotics administration. Biliary decompression was simultaneously performed with choledochoduodenostomy. The one week survival rate after the interruption of hepatic blood flow was more than 60% at 2 and 1 hours in group A, 20 and 10 minutes in group B, 10 and 5 minutes in group C at two and three weeks after biliary obstruction, respectively. Necrosis more than 50% of the liver was observed in early death cases. Edema and stasis in the bile canaliculi were markedly observed histologically in survivors in groups A and C, accompanied with significant elevations of serum T. Bil and GPT. The changes were greater in cases with longer periods of jaundice. In obstructive jaundice, hepatic artery occlusion causes hepatic necrosis, in spite of antibiotics administration, and may induce prolonged jaundice after biliary decompression. As an indicator of the prognosis, the serum total bile acid value was useful.
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PMID:[Experimental study on the interruption of hepatic blood flow in obstructive jaundice, with special reference to the causes of death and prolonged jaundice after biliary decompression]. 261 33

In the diagnosis of chronic (as opposed to acute) liver diseases, combinations of indicators are needed to improve specificity. Alanine aminopeptidase (AAP; microsomal aminopeptidase, EC 3.4.11.2) activity in serum reportedly is a very sensitive indicator of intrahepatic cholestasis and biliary obstruction; it is also particularly useful in diagnosing chronic liver disease when combined with an indicator of hepatocyte damage such as aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. We optimized the assay of AAP in serum, automated the assay by using a centrifugal analyzer, then used this automated assay to determine activity in 202 individuals, ages one to 73 years. The preliminary results were analyzed in terms of the effects of age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption on AAP activity in serum. Striking sex-related differences were observed: AAP activity in males declined 2.5 times more rapidly with age than did that in females; indeed, activity in adult females remained essentially constant. Moreover, AAP values were higher in men who smoked than in those who did not, the difference being of borderline significance by analysis of covariance (p = 0.0865) but significant by partial correlations (p = 0.02). No similar differences were seen for women smokers and non-smokers. When the effects of other variables were held constant, alcohol consumption alone did not significantly correlate with AAP activity in men or women.
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PMID:Alanine aminopeptidase in serum: automated optimized assay, and effects of age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption in a selected population. 288 Jun 80

Data on 15 laboratory analytes obtained in 145 prospectively investigated cholestatic patients with viral hepatitis, chronic intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction were submitted to a computer-based graphical evaluation using probabilistic test analysis. This revealed a marginal utility for alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and the direct/total bilirubin ratio at specific cut-off points for the exclusion of extrahepatic cholestasis (PVneg 90%-100%). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values with cut-off points at 200 U/l and 300 U/l, respectively, were powerful discriminators between acute viral hepatitis and the other disease categories, while lactate dehydrogenase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the ratios gamma-glutamyltransferase/alanine aminotransferase as well as total bilirubin/gamma-glutamyltransferase were useful at specific cut-off points indicating the absence of this diagnosis (PVneg 92%-100%). An aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio above 1.5 and serum gamma-globulin concentrations above 20 g/l strongly suggested cholestasis due to chronic parenchymal liver disease (PVpos 92% and 90%, respectively). This graphical approach to laboratory data analysis enhances the understanding of the interrelations between cut-off points and sensitivity, specificity and predictive values and also of the influence of disease prevalence on disease prediction. It also adds to present knowledge by demonstrating the clinical relevance of several readily available, albeit rarely utilized diagnostic analytes.
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PMID:Graphical analysis of laboratory data in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis: a computer-assisted prospective study. 306 41

Six small to medium-sized, middle-aged, female dogs with histories of acute pancreatitis developed clinical signs of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Clinical findings were similar in the 6 dogs and included icterus. Serum biochemical analyses indicated high concentrations of total bilirubin and cholesterol and high alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities. Exploratory abdominal surgery was performed in each dog. Each dog had a firm mass involving the body of the pancreas, with obstruction of the distal portion of the common bile duct, marked peripancreatic inflammation, and omental adhesions. Cholecystoduodenostomy, using an open mucosal appositional technique for biliary redirection, was performed in each dog. Clinically, results of surgery were good to excellent (ie, lack of postoperative icterus, anorexia, lethargy, or weight loss and absence or infrequency of vomiting). The mean postoperative evaluation period for the 6 dogs was 35 months (range, 20 to 48 months); 5 dogs were alive and healthy at the end of the study. Histologic examination of tissue specimens of the pancreatic mass indicated chronic active fibrosing pancreatitis in the 6 dogs.
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PMID:Common bile duct obstruction secondary to chronic fibrosing pancreatitis: treatment by use of cholecystoduodenostomy in the dog. 380 35

The pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline (NA) was measured in lungs removed from 3 day sham-operated rats and from rats whose bile ducts had been ligated 3 days earlier (BDL). The pulmonary metabolism of NA as measured by a single clearance of the radio-labelled 14C-amine was significantly increased in lungs excised from BDL rats as compared to that measured in the sham-operated rats. The change in metabolism was associated with an alteration in the pulmonary uptake of NA and not with the activities of the enzymes monoamine oxidase types A and B and catechol-O-methyl transferase. Moreover, it was not correlated with rises in the bilirubin or cholesterol concentrations in the serum of the BDL rats and occurred independent of any changes in pulmonary pressure. In a second series of experiments, the evolution of this abnormality over the period of one to six days postoperative was investigated. In the sham-operated rats, there was no significant change in the pulmonary metabolism of NA even by the sixth day. In contrast, there were time-dependent increases from one to six days in these metabolic processes in BDL rats with the highest values being at six days. In contrast, the serum concentrations of bilirubin and cholesterol and activities of the enzymes, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase all rose to their maximum by the fourth day and thereafter declined. Although serum albumin levels fell significantly in BDL rats they were not significantly different from sham-controls. Thus, change in pulmonary metabolism of NA with obstructive jaundice increases with time from one to six days and it not related to the blood chemical changes of biliary obstruction or hepatic synthetic function.
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PMID:Modification of pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline in experimental obstructive jaundice. 403 22

Results of traditional laboratory tests of liver function were correlated with the clinical course in 26 pediatric patients after liver transplantation. On the basis of clinical outcome after transplantation, the patients were divided into two groups: (a) uncomplicated course with short hospital stay, and (b) post-transplantation course complicated by multiple clinical problems. The patterns of results for tests reflecting liver function--bilirubin (total and conjugated), aspartate (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine (EC 2.6.1.2) aminotransferases, and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma GT, EC 2.3.2.2)--were consistent with the clinical findings in these patients. Values for alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), however, were only rarely increased, even when there was clinical evidence of biliary obstruction. Not only was serum gamma GT increased in obstructive jaundice, but this sometimes was the only test giving results outside the normal limits. We suggest that the persistent and marked increases of gamma GT observed in half of the patients may have resulted from immune-mediated damage to the transplanted liver.
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PMID:Interpreting the profile of liver-function tests in pediatric liver transplants. 614 60

Species differences in anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry lead to many dissimilarities between the canine and feline liver. Major differences exist in the interpretation of liver function tests, the significance of biochemical jaundice, the consequences of anorexia, and the efficiency of hepatic metabolic systems. Biochemical alterations in total bilirubin, ALT, and SAP may indicate the presence of disease in the feline liver. It is, however, impossible to make accurate diagnoses without liver biopsy. A liver biopsy can provide a diagnosis and prognosis and can guide the therapeutic plan. The feline hepatic diseases most frequently seen in our hospital are hepatic lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis complex, toxic hepatopathy, and hepatic neoplasia. Less common diseases of the feline liver include extrahepatic biliary obstruction, portacaval vascular anomalies, hepatic parasites, hepatic cysts, and diaphragmatic hernia. Systemic diseases that can effect the liver of cats are feline infectious peritonitis, multicentric lymphosarcoma, myeloproliferative diseases, hemolytic anemia, infectious panleukopenia, and systemic fungal infections.
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PMID:Feline hepatic disease. 639 53


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