Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper describes in vitro studies on the effects of environmental pollutants (SO2/NOx) in biological systems. Basic physical, chemical and biochemical parameters were analyzed to establish the rate of SO2/NOx absorption by the culture medium. It was shown that the pH remains constant for 24 h of exposure to gas concentrations up to 50 p.p.m. The concentration of ions resulting from absorption of each pollutant in the liquid phase is dependent on their concentration in the gas phase and on exposure time. Short exposure times and high gas dosages resulted in similar doses in the medium as long exposure periods and low gas dosages. The activities of a human serum standard (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; aspartate amino transferase, AST; alanine amino transferase, ALT; gamma-glutamyltransferase, gamma-GT; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were determined after gaseous exposure to SO2 and NOx. The results revealed a distinct decrease in the activity of LDH after 1, 3 and 5 h exposure to 200 p.p.m. SO2. The effects of the pollutants were assayed in vitro using fetal hamster lung cells (FHLC), rat hepatocytes and the cell line CO60. For the determination of toxic effects, it was shown that the plating efficiency was a more sensitive parameter than the assay for trypan blue exclusion. Toxicity indicated as an increase of LDH leakage was not observed from FHLC in culture. Instead, a decrease of LDH was found following SO2 exposition. This decrease was similar to that observed for the human serum standard. The induction of DNA single-strand breaks was determined as a measure of genotoxic effects. SO2 application decreased the rate of DNA single-strand breaks induced by N-nitroso-acetoxymethyl-methylamine in both FHLC and in rat hepatocytes. SO2 or NOx treatment of CO60 cells for 1 h did not result in the induction of DNA amplification. HSO3- added directly to the medium as the sodium salt, however, distinctly induced the amplification of SV40 DNA. The amplification rates induced by benzo[a]pyrene or dimethylbenzanthracene were neither influenced by SO2, NOx nor HSO3-. An additive effect of HSO3- with either benzo[a]pyrene or dimethylbenzanthracene for this biological parameter was therefore not observed.
...
PMID:Effects of SO2 or NOx on toxic and genotoxic properties of chemical carcinogens. I. In vitro studies. 283 97

Primidone, phenytoin, or phenytoin and primidone in combination were given to healthy Beagle dogs for 6 months. Serum biochemical changes in dogs given primidone alone or phenytoin and primidone in combination for the entire 6-month test period included increased activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and decreased concentrations of albumin and cholesterol. Changes in dogs given phenytoin alone were limited to increased AP activity and decreased albumin concentration. Sulfobromophthalein excretion and conjugated bile acid concentration were within normal limits. All dogs given primidone alone or phenytoin alone remained clinically healthy throughout the treatment period. Three of 8 dogs given both drugs in combination became clinically ill after 9, 14, and 15 weeks of treatment, and were euthanatized. Two of the dogs developed clinical jaundice. In addition to the serum biochemical abnormalities observed in clinically healthy dogs, these dogs developed hyperbilirubinemia, delayed sulfobromophthalein excretion, and increased conjugated bile acid concentrations. Histologic examination of the liver showed intracanalicular casts of bile pigment typical of intrahepatic cholestasis in all 3 dogs. Histologic findings characteristic of treated dogs included hepatocellular hypertrophy attributable to hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Single-cell necrosis and multifocal lipidosis were observed in individuals of all treatment groups. Electron microscopy of the liver showed dilated bile canaliculi and damaged sinusoidal epithelium in dogs given both drugs. The elevated serum AP activity, associated with anticonvulsant drug therapy, was found to be exclusively the liver isoenzyme by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The hepatic AP was localized to primarily the canalicular membranes by enzyme histochemistry. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the AP activities of liver and serum. The results of this study indicate that long-term administration of anticonvulsant drugs to dogs is associated with clinical, serum biochemical, and histologic evidence of hepatic dysfunction. High drug dosage contributed most to abnormal serum biochemical test results, and combining phenytoin with primidone was responsible for more severe electron microscopic lesions of the liver of surviving dogs and for the death of 3 dogs.
...
PMID:Effects of long-term primidone and phenytoin administration on canine hepatic function and morphology. 285 43

Activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT) and alanine aminotransferase was determined repeatedly for 5-10 days in the blood serum of patients with Stage I-II alcoholism (n-63) and healthy subjects (n-31). Alcoholism was associated with an elevated activity of GGT and AsAT and its dynamic fluctuations in both directions due to a change in the status of the test subject. It is stated that alcoholism in the considered enzymological manifestations is a pathogenetically unstable state. The authors recommend including the measurement of these enzymes into the complex of measures for alcoholism diagnosis.
...
PMID:[Enzyme diagnostic criteria of alcoholism]. 286 8

A cross-sectional study was performed to define patients at risk of developing liver disease due to long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs. The activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase and the concentrations of primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproic acid in serum were estimated. Epileptic children before therapy were used as controls. The results indicated enzyme induction due to phenobarbital and both enzyme induction and liver cell damage or plasma membrane leakage due to phenytoin. Gamma-glutamyltransferase may be an early indicator of liver disease due to valproic acid.
...
PMID:Effects of anticonvulsive drugs on the activity of gammaglutamyltransferase and aminotransferases in serum. 287 3

Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities were monitored in psychiatric patients receiving normal doses of phenothiazine neuroleptics over a 30-day period. The first two enzymes showed slight initial increases and a subsequent return to normal, while the third showed a slight increase. In rats, dosage levels exceeding those used in human therapy produced much larger increases in the catalytic concentrations of all three enzymes in serum (1.4, 0.7 and 0.5 above the control value, respectively), and somewhat smaller increases in the liver homogenates of these animals.
...
PMID:Effects of neuroleptic phenothiazines on the activities of aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum and liver. 287 49

Following a major environmental accident near Seveso, Italy, on July 10, 1976, we attempted to determine if the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) released into the atmosphere had any effect on the liver function and lipid metabolism of exposed children. From July 1976 to June 1982, we analyzed the results of more than 4500 laboratory tests (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides in plasma and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine) in a population of about 1500 children aged 6 to 10 years at the moment of the accident. The children exposed to the highest concentration of TCDD showed alterations in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity compared with the control group. These differences were restricted to values inside limits set from the lower end of the normal range to slightly above it. The observed abnormalities were slight and disappeared with time.
...
PMID:Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxin in children. A six-year study of the effects of an environmental disaster near Seveso, Italy. 287 2

Excretion of urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT, EC 2.3.2.2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP, EC 3.4.11.-), alanine aminotransferase (GPT, EC 2.6.1.2) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30) was studied following a single i.v. application of 1 mg mercuric chloride/kg body weight or a radio contrast medium (SH H 340 AB) at a dose of 7.5 g iodine/kg body weight in rats. Measurements of urinary enzymes and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were carried out on the second, third, fourth and ninth days after treatment. Histological examinations of kidneys were performed on day 9. A drastic increase in urinary LDH and moderate increase in gamma-GT, ALP and AAP and a very slight increase in GPT was observed in the first 18-h urine samples after mercuric chloride. This increase in enzymuria was associated with a drastic increase in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine, with a maximum on day 4. The radio contrast medium-treated animals showed a similar but less pronounced pattern of urinary enzymes excretion and only a slight increase of serum urea nitrogen on day 2. A good correlation was found between histological findings and enzymuria as well as serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. Thus, determination of only some urinary enzymes (LDH and gamma-GT) is valuable in predicting early nephrotoxicity and sufficient for the diagnosis of proximal tubule damage in rats.
...
PMID:Value of enzyme determinations in urine for the diagnosis of nephrotoxicity in rats. 287 61

We evaluated the Reflotron (Boehringer Mannheim) system for measuring activities of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2). Within- and between-day precision were comparable with conventional analytical methods. The linear range of the methods extended to more than 40-fold the upper limit of the reference range. The methods were not influenced by moderate changes in blood rheology and also tolerated some variation in sample volume applied. We consider these methods to be suitable for use in satellite or physicians' office laboratories (with appropriate training of operators), and they can produce results that agree satisfactorily with those determined in routine laboratory practice.
...
PMID:Reflotron assays of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in whole-blood samples evaluated. 288 10

The average biological intra-individual CV in 20 patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), estimated for 14 analytes during a stationary phase, significantly exceeded that for a normal group in the cases of Na+, K+, Cl-, total protein, albumin, cholinesterase, hemoglobin, and alpha-amylase; it did not differ significantly from the normal group for cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminopeptidase; and it was significantly lower than in the normal group for alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There were no significant sex-related differences in mean intra-individual variation in CLD patients. Individual values were gaussian-distributed for all analytes, including enzymes. The estimated biological component of intra-individual variation and the analytical variation as determined for each laboratory can be used to derive decision-making criteria in monitoring CLD.
...
PMID:Intra-individual variation of analytes in serum from patients with chronic liver diseases. 288 11

We evaluated the performance of the Kodak DTSC Module for determination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (2.5.1.2), alkaline phosphatase (3.1.3.1), creatine kinase (2.7.3.2), gamma-glutamyltransferase (2.3.2.2), and lactate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.27). The DTSC is a "special chemistry" accessory for the DT60 analyzer; the same multilayer film technology as that of the Ektachem 700 is used. The overall precision, assessed over a three-month period with two serum-based quality control materials, ranged from 2.2 to 8.0%. DTSC results for patients' specimens correlated well with those by the Technicon RA-1000 analyzer. The performance of the analyzer in linearity and interference studies was satisfactory for clinical use. The DTSC is simple to operate and has no technique-dependent step; it should be useful for the physician's office laboratory.
...
PMID:Measurement of six enzymes with the Kodak DTSC Module, a physician's office analyzer. 288 44


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---