Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the clinical use of S-1108 granules in the pediatric field. The results are summarized as follows. 1. S-1108 was administered orally at doses ranging 6.85 and 17.6 mg/kg/day t.i.d. to 9 patients, including 5 cases of pharyngitis and 1 case each of lacunar tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infection. Clinical efficacies were excellent in 4 cases and good in 5 cases, hence an efficacy rate of 100% was obtained. 2. Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae (2 strains each) and Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis (1 strain each) were identified in these cases. Seven of the 8 strains were eliminated upon treatment and the other strain was decreased, hence an eradication rate of 87.5% was obtained. 3. Side effects observed were 1 case each of soft stools and diarrhea. As an abnormal laboratory test result, an increase in GPT level was observed. 4. No refusal of the drug occurred. 5. From the above results, we consider that this drug would be a useful new oral antibiotic for the pediatric field.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of S-1108 granules in the pediatric field]. 810 71

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on S-1108, a new oral cephem antibiotic, were performed in pediatric infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics studies Pharmacokinetics of S-1108 was studied in 4 children (3 y 7 m-11 y 1 m) using doses of 2 mg/kg (n = 2) and 4 mg/kg (n = 2). The average peak plasma level was 0.88 microgram/ml at 2 hours after administration of 2 mg/kg and 2.00 micrograms/ml at 3 hours after administration of 4 mg/kg, and plasma half-lives were 1.45 and 0.96 hours, respectively. Average cumulative urinary recovery rates at 0-6 hours were 30.0 and 34.8%, respectively. 2. Clinical studies S-1108 was administered to 32 patients with various infectious diseases (6 with acute tonsillitis, 2 each with pertussis and acute bronchitis, 3 with pneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 5 with impetigo contagiosa, 6 with acute urinary infection and 1 each with subcutaneous abscess, impetigo, vulvitis and urethritis) at daily doses between 6-12 mg/kg/day, t.i.d., for 5-12 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 17 patients, good in 13, and poor in 2, and the efficacy rate was 93.8%. Bacteria were identified and 33 strains of 12 species were found. The eradication rate was 93.9%. No side effects were observed in 43 patients. Abnormal laboratory test values were observed in 2 patients, 1 with elevation of eosin. and the other with elevations of GOT and GPT. The results suggest that S-1108 may be a very useful and safe drug for the treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Studies on S-1108 in pediatric infection]. 830 74

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI, ME 1207) in granules, a new oral cephalosporin, were performed in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized below. 1. Antibacterial activities: Antibacterial activities of CDTR were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in comparison with those of cefteram (CFTM), cefixime (CFIX), cefaclor (CCL), cefpodoxime (CPDX) and cefotiam (CTM). MIC80's of CDTR against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and B. catarrhalis were 1.56, 0.39, < or = 0.025, < or = 0.025, 0.05 and 0.20 micrograms/ml, respectively. These results showed that CDTR has high antibacterial activities against these organisms. 2. Absorption and excretion: Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CDTR-PI (administered in granules) were determined. Upon single oral doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, the peak serum concentrations were 0.5-2.45 micrograms/ml at 2 to 4 hours and 1.79-4.05 micrograms/ml at 1 to 4 hours, respectively, and T 1/2 was 1.07-9.67 hours and 0.99-3.00 hours, respectively. At 8 hours after dosing, serum concentrations were 0-0.87 micrograms/ml with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 0.27-0.73 micrograms/ml with 6 mg/kg. These values indicated that the drug has a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior. Urinary recovery rates in the first 8 hours were 12.9-34.2% with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 11.8-26.9% with 6 mg/kg. 3. Clinical study: Clinical efficacies were examined in a total of 81 cases consisting of 20 cases of acute bronchitis, 13 of acute pneumonia, 21 of tonsillitis, 5 of pharyngitis, 7 of scarlet fever, 2 each of impetigo, otitis media and purulent cervical lymphadenitis, 1 of pertussis and 8 of UTI. The clinical efficacy rate was 97.5% (79/81), and bacteriological eradication rate was 100% (76/76). As for side effects, 2 cases of watery stools and 1 case of minor elevation of GPT were observed.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefditoren pivoxil in the pediatric field]. 837 96

Fine granules or capsules of azithromycin (AZM) were given to 32 pediatric patients for the treatment of the following diseases: pharyngitis in three cases; tonsillitis in one; bronchitis in six; pneumonia in six; mycoplasmal pneumonia in 14; pertussis and enteritis in one, each. Effectiveness of AZM was evaluated in 30 cases and the drug was rated "excellent" in 18 patients, "good" in 11 and "fair" in one, resulting in a total efficacy rate of 96.7%. Three strains of bacteria were isolated from 3 patients as the causative organisms including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, from three different patients, respectively. One patient complained of mild diarrhea, another patient mild urticaria. Abnormal laboratory test results were reported as follows: one patient showed a slight decrease in leukocyte count, three patients showed slight increases in eosinophils, and one patient had slight elevations in GOT and GPT. The above results suggest that AZM is a useful antibiotic drug in the treatment of pediatric patients with various bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on azithromycin in pediatrics]. 898 57

Azithromycin (AZM), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluations. 1. Antibacterial activities. MIC profile of AZM was as follows: 0.78 approximately 1.56 micrograms/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.10 microgram/ml against Streptococcus pyogenes, 0.10 approximately 0.39 and 6.25 micrograms/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.39 microgram/ml against Moraxella(Branhamella) catarrhalis, 0.39 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus influenzae, and 0.20 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus parainfluenzae. 2. Absorption and excretion. The elimination half-life of AZM after its administration at 10 mg/kg/day for three days was 28.1 approximately 46.1 hours. The cumulative urinary excretion rate in the first 120 hours after start of treatment was 4.01 approximately 8.47%. 3. Clinical evaluation. AZM was given to 76 pediatric patients to treat following infections: pharyngitis in seven, tonsillitis in 11, bronchitis in 11, pneumonia in 19, Mycoplasma pneumonia in eight, scarlet fever in 13, infective enteritis in one, SSTI in four, and otitis media in two. Effectiveness of AZM was assessed in 75 patients and the drug was rated "excellent" or "good" in 71 resulting in an efficacy rate of 94.7%, 87.0% of the 46 cases indicated that AZM had eradicated bacteria identified before the treatment. One patient complained of moderate diarrhea which disappeared after treatment of anti-diarrheic. Abnormal laboratory changes were reported in 12 patients in the following: decreased leukocytes in eight, increased eosinophils in two, increased platelet count in one, and increased GPT in one. All cases of abnormality was deemed mild in severity and clinically insignificant.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin using fine granules or capsules in the pediatric patients]. 898 10

35 children between 9 months and 12 years of ages were given 9.1 to 12.2 mg/kg of azithromycin (AZM) once a day for 3 days. In the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases, we studied pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safetiness of AZM. After administration of 10 mg/kg/day of AZM for 3 days, the elimination half-life was calculated to be 3.8 +/- 16.3 hours (n = 6, mean +/- S.D.). The excretion rate of AZM in the urine within 120 hours of administration was 9.0 +/- 2.3% (n = 5). For the evaluation of efficacy of AZM, we treated 33 cases of children with pharyngotonsillitis, bronchitis, mycoplasma bronchitis, pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, atypical pneumonia, and SSTI. The efficacy rate of these cases were 93.9%. 6 strains of bacteria were identified as causative agents. All strains were eradicated upon the treatment. One case of elevated GOT and GPT and two cases of elevated GPT were observed. No clinical adverse reactions were observed. In conclusion, AZM was useful for the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases were examined.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin in the pediatric field]. 910 81

Following its introduction into the market, PAPM/BP (panipenem/betamipron) was clinically studied in 188 evaluable cases out of 207 cases primarily of respiratory infectious diseases treated at the pediatric departments of 15 hospitals. In the clinical evaluation, the drug proved effective in three of three cases of sepsis; three of three cases of suppurative meningitis; nine of ten cases of laryngopharyngitis, six of seven cases of tonsillitis, 56 of 63 cases of acute bronchitis, 90 of 98 cases of pneumonia, and one of one case of phyothorax, all of which are respiratory infectious diseases; one of one case of secondary infection of a chronic respiratory disease; and two of two cases of lymphadenitis, which is a disease of the soft dermal structure. The overall efficacy rate was 91.0% (171/188 cases). In the bacteriological study, Gram-positive bacteria were eliminated in five of five strains of S. aureus, 30 of 31 strains of S. pneumoniae (96.8%), and three of three strains of S. pyogenes. Gramnegative bacteria were eliminated in 15 of 17 strains of H. influenzae (88.2%), three of four strains of M. catarrhalis, and two of two strains of K. pneumoniae. The overall elimination rate was 92.1% (70/76 strains). In the 23 strains of S. pneumoniae that were examined, penicillin-resistant strains accounted for 56.5%, showing an elimination rate of 100%. No serious adverse effects were observed, and the incidence of adverse effects was 1.45%. As for abnormalities in laboratory tests, levels of GOT and GPT increased in eight cases (3.88%), LDH increased in one case (0.48%), and neutropenia occurred in one case (0.51%). These results suggest that PAMP/BP could be considered the first choice in the treatment of infectious diseases in pediatrics, due to its effectiveness and high level of safety.
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PMID:[Clinical and bacteriological studies on panipenem/betamipron in pediatrics. Kanagawa Research Group for Infectious Diseases of Children]. 964 2

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies were performed in pediatrics on tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC), a combined drug of a new beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam and piperacillin at a ratio of 1:4. 1. Serum levels and urinary excretions of TAZ, PIPC and desethyl piperacillin (DEt-PIPC), a metabolite of PIPC, after one shot intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg of TAZ/PIPC to two children (6-7 years old) were investigated. The serum TAZ level at 0.08 hour was 50.8-51.0 micrograms/ml after administration. Then TAZ concentrations gradually decreased with half-lives of 0.38-0.45 hour, and reached 1.0-1.4 micrograms/ml after 2 hours and was not detected after 3 hours and 6 hours. Serum PIPC levels at 0.08 hour was 167.0-231.0 micrograms/ml after administration. Then PIPC concentrations gradually decreased with half-lives of 0.41-0.55 hour, and reached 1.2-2.4 micrograms/ml after 3 hours and was not detected after 6 hours. DEt-PIPC was detected slightly in serum. A ratio of TAZ to PIPC was about 1 to 4 in serum at each time. Urinary recovery rates of TAZ in the first 6 hours after administration of TAZ/PIPC were 33.5-90.1% and those of PIPC were 41.9-77.8% and those of DEt-PIPC were 1.5-2.8%. 2. TAZ/PIPC was administered to 27 pediatric patients (their ages ranged between 2 months and 11 years old) with various infections, and clinical and bacteriological effects and adverse reactions were investigated. Single doses were 26.2-55.6 mg/kg, frequencies of administration were 3-4 times a day, and durations of administration were 3 1/3-7 1/3 days, and total dosages were 4.5-33.75 g. Clinical effects were evaluable in 26 cases. Responses were rated as "good" in acute purulent tonsillitis 1 case and acute purulent otitis media 1 case, as "excellent" in acute sinusitis 1 case, as "excellent" in 2 and "good" in 1 out of 3 cases of acute bronchitis, as "excellent" in 13 and "good" 2 out of 15 cases of acute pneumonia, as "excellent" in acute urinary tract infection 2 cases and as "excellent" in acute enteritis in 1 case, acute appendicitis in 1 case and lymphadentis in 1 case. In all cases, the results were rated as "good" or "excellent". Antimicrobial effects against a total of 10 strains identified or assumed to be pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The 10 strains of bacteria included 4 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (2 strains beta-lactamase producing), 2 strains of beta-lactamase producing Moraxella catarrhalis, 1 strain of beta-lactamase producing Morganella morganii. All the bacteria listed here were judged to have been eradicated. Adverse reaction was observed in 1 case with mild diarrhea. As abnormal changes in laboratory data, leucocytopenia in 1 case, elevation of GOT. GPT in 2 cases and eosinophilia in 1 case were observed. On the basis of the findings, TAZ/PIPC was considered to be effective and safe in the treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of tazobactam/piperacillin in pediatrics]. 969 67

The plant Mentha piperita, or peppermint, is commonly used in the treatment of loss of appetite, common cold, bronchitis, sinusitis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and indigestion as a herbal agent. In this study, we aimed to investigate biochemical and histological effects of M. piperita Labiatae, growing in the Yenisar Bademli town of Isparta city, and Mentha spicata Labiatae, growing in the Anamas high plateau of the Yenisar Bademli town, on the rat liver tissue. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were used for this study. Rats were divided into four groups of 12 animals: Group I received no herbal tea (control group); Group II received 20 g/L M. piperita tea; Group III received 20 g/L M. spicata tea; and Group IV received 40 g/L M. spicata tea. Herbal teas were prepared daily and provided at all times to the rats during 30 days as drinking water. Liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) activities were measured. To evaluate liver antioxidant defences, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) activities were determined in the homogenates of liver tissue. In addition, liver tissues were submitted for histopathologic examination. AST and ALT activities were increased in Group II, Group III and Group IV gradually when compared with the control group. The difference between Group II and the control group was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). Increases in AST and ALT activities of Group III and Group IV were statistically significant when compared with the control group. SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were increased in Group II when compared with the control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.016). However, SOD, GSH-Px activities and the TBARS level were significantly increased, and CAT activity was significantly decreased in Group III when compared with the control group. In Group IV, while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased, the TBARS level was increased as compared with the control group (P < 0.0016). Histopathological evaluation of experimental groups revealed a mild to severe degree of hepatic damage when compared to the control group. In Group II, there was only minimal hepatocytes degeneration. In Groups III and IV, there were granular or ballooning hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, sinusoidal and central vein dilatation. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage occurs after M. piperita and M. spicata administration in rat liver and the damage seems to be dose dependent.
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PMID:Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita Labiatae and Mentha spicata Labiatae on liver tissue in rats. 1502 12

The degree of metabolic rehabilitation of the bronchopulmonary system was evaluated in non-specific pulmonary diseases, like pneumonia or chronic obstructive bronchitis, by using the data of biochemical testing of the exhaled-air vapor condensate. Nine parameters were investigated, i.e. enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamate amino-transpeptidase (GGT) as well as parameters of protein metabolism--common protein, seromucoid (SC), C-reactive protein and urea. AST, ALT, AP, GGT, SC and urea were acknowledged as the most informative parameters. The results are indicative of that the recovery of metabolic processes in the bronchopulmonary system was not completed.
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PMID:[Vapor condensate of exhaled air in evaluating the impaired metabolism of the bronchopulmanory system in nonspecific lung diseases]. 1523 Jan 10


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