Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Out of the 15 hepatitis E (HEV) epidemics that occurred during the years 1976-1995 in the Gujarat and Maharashtra states of India, 45.78% (76/166) stool samples showed the presence of HEV RNA. HEV RNA was found significantly more often in samples that were transported in liquid nitrogen (50.9%) compared with samples that were transported in wet ice (37.0%) (P < 0.05). Stool samples collected within 7 days after the onset of the disease (59.2%) were more often positive for HEV RNA when compared with samples that were collected 7-20 days after the onset of the disease (28.5%) (P < 0.01). It has been observed in experimentally infected Rhesus monkeys that they excrete HEV throughout the incubation period and for a variable length of time after the elevation of serum ALT levels. A similar situation is found in humans.
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PMID:Detection of HEV RNA in faeces, by RT-PCR during the epidemics of hepatitis E in India (1976-1995). 909 69

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E is now documented in many countries around the world, but studies of its clinical manifestations and serologic course have been confined to endemic areas. We have prospectively evaluated the occurrence, evolution, and outcome of acute hepatitis E in our patients. Fifteen patients (11 men, 4 women; median age: 41 years) were diagnosed to have acute, sporadic hepatitis E between July 1993 and January 1995; 10 of the 15 were followed up. Sera anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies and HEV ribonucleic acid in the blood and stool were tested at weeks 1 and 2; serial tests for hepatitis E antibodies and liver function were carried out at months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18. Coinfection with hepatitis A and superinfection on chronic hepatitis B were found in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. One patient had transient passage of virus in the stool, but none was viremic. Eighty-seven percent of patients lost their IgM antibodies within 3 months, but anti-HEV IgG, once present, persisted throughout follow-up. All patients but one had complete recovery. A higher than reported level of alanine transaminase (mean: 28.5 times normal) and the lack of viremia during acute infection in our patients may be due to increased immune-mediated viral clearance.
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PMID:Acute viral hepatitis E: clinical and serologic studies in Singapore. 925 48

In 1974, the existence of hepatitis serologically distinct from hepatitis A and B was recognized. They were tentatively designated non-A non-B. They accounted for 90% of post-transfusional hepatitis. During 15 years numerous studies failed to identify agent(s) responsible for these hepatitis. In 1989 the virus responsible for parenteral non-A non-B hepatitis was identified and named hepatitis C virus. Shortly after, the virus responsible for enteral non-A, non-B was also discovered (hepatitis E virus). During these 15 years, a 60% reduction of post-transfusional hepatitis was obtained both by the measures instituted to prevent AIDS transmission and by the introduction of surrogate assays (ALT levels and anti-HBc antibody).
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PMID:[From non-A non-B hepatitis to hepatitis C]. 926 87

The aim of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HEV antibodies in blood donors and in healthy persons in Calabria (Italy). An age-stratified sample of blood from donors was drawn at a regional transfusion service. Sixty persons were enrolled for each of the following age-groups: 18-20, 21-30, 41-50, 51-60, > 60 years, whereas 61 persons were enrolled in the 31-40 age-group. In the oldest age-group 38 subjects were enrolled among healthy subjects attending an outpatient clinic. Participants were invited to fill in a questionnaire, including questions on demographics, such as sex, date and place of birth, place of residence, number of people in household, and occupation; exposure to specific risk factors, such as travel in hepatitis E endemic areas; history of jaundice and/or hepatitis; drug addiction and transfusion. Results of routine serological tests for blood donation (HBsAg, HCV, HIV, ALT) were also recorded. Serum samples of subjects were stored at -80 degrees C until tested. The seroprevalence of hepatitis E antibodies was studied using in parallel two commercial ELISA tests consisting of recombinant antigens and synthetic HEV polypeptides. Three hundred sixty-one persons were recruited and six of them were positive to HEV antibodies (1.7%) by the recombinant test, whereas four were positive by the synthetic peptides test (1.1%). Overall, three subjects were positive to both tests, with a prevalence of 0.8%. Of these two (0.7%) were men and one (1.3%) a woman. As to age, two (3.3%) were in the 51-60, and one (1.7%) in the > 60 age-group. None of the positive participants had travelled to highly endemic areas, and none were positive for HBsAg or HCV. The study confirms a low circulation of the HEV virus also in southern Italy, with a prevalence of infection more similar to that of northern European countries than to that of countries of the Mediterranean basin.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in healthy persons in southern Italy. 950 77

Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology is superspecialised referral institute for all Pediatric Gastroenterological diseases from all over the country and for adjoining countries. We have our data and experience on 10,500 cases of proven Hepatitis E (HEV) in Pediatric population. HEV is non-enveloped 27-30 nm diameter RNA virus, prototype for alpha-like supergroup of positive stranded RNA virus. Indian HEV strain has 97% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence identity with Chinese strains but much diversity with Mexican strain. More than 70% acute hepatitis occurring in Pediatric population in this subcontinent are caused by HEV and 80% of these are sporadic. 90% cases were enterically transmitted, spread primarily by fecally contaminated drinking water (70%) and by food (20%), in 9.5% case spread probably was because of person to person and household contact. We could demonstrate HEV in urine, respiratory secretions. Interestingly we found HEV in insects like Flies, Cockroaches, and also in engorged Bedbugs and in Mosquitoes, apart from briefly boiled Mussels, and partially cooked cockles. Maternal-neonatal transmission could be seen if mother had HEV infection in third trimester of pregnancy. In 5 cases we could demonstrate HEV in breast milk. By studying on 10 volunteers, 40% have anicteric form only accompanied by anorexia, epigastric pain. HEV appeared in serum before the icteric phase. Shedding of virus in stool starts before the icteric phase and continued during the high levels of abnormal ALT. Hepatitis IgG anti-HEV persist up to 4 years. In 5 cases we could establish Transfusion associated Hepatitis (TAH). No chronicity could be documented. 5% cases had fulminant viral Hepatitis (FVH)/Sub fulminant viral Hepatitis (SVH), alpha-interferon (IFN) has been proved beneficial in these cases, further use of intravenous PGEl could also be beneficial. Inadequate chlorination of drinking water was an important additional factor for causing epidemics. A free residual chlorine concentration of at least 0.5 mg/l for minimum of 30 minutes is considered adequate as quality of drinking water.
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PMID:Hepatitis E in India. 968 19

Using ELISA to analyse 192 patients with hepatitis E (HE) on their clinical and epidemiologyic characteristics, in Tianjin Area. Result showed that 20 percent of the total patients diagnosed as viral hepatitis diseases belonged to HE. The majority of HE patients was middle-aged male with .78.6 percent of them infected through alimentary canal. Five of them (2.6%) had a history of recent blood transfusion. The clinical picture of HE was similar to HA, showing only the increase of ALT and Bil, but no chronic process. The levels of ALT and Bil in super-infection were lower than those seen in simple HE (P < 0.01). Data showed that Hepatitis E in Tianjin Area was sporadic and the virus might be transmitted through blood transfusion. Blood screening program for HE virus was discussed. The author advanced the idea that HEV and other virus might restrain from each other.
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PMID:[A study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hepatitis E in Tianjin area]. 981 86

Hepatitis E virus RNA (HEV RNA) was detected in 531 serial serum specimens collected from 62 hospitalized patients with hepatitis E by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) setting two pairs of primer from open reading frame 1 (ORF1) to understand the process of HEV infection more thoroughly. Results showed that 71 percent of the patients were positive for HEV RNA. Thirty-two of them with 288 serial serum specimens were followed up for the whole process, and 24 cases (75%) were positive for HEV RNA, positive rates declined with the course of the disease and serum HEV RNA lasted for 20.6 days in average. Serum HEV RNA was kept positive in 36 of the 44 patients (81.8%) at the time their serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum total bilirubin began to lower, and anti-HEV was detected in 39 of them (88.6%). Proportion of HEV viremia and length of it had no direct relationship with serum ALT and levels of total serum bilirubin and anti-HEV.
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PMID:[A study on viremia in patients with hepatitis E]. 986 70

The partial sequence of a hepatitis E virus (HEV-US1) isolated from a patient in the United States (US), suffering from acute viral hepatitis with no known risk factors for acquiring HEV, has been reported. These sequences were significantly different from previously characterized HEV isolates, alluding to the existence of a distinct human variant. In this paper, we report the near full-length sequences of HEV-US1 and a second US isolate (HEV-US2). HEV-US2 was identified in a US patient suffering from acute viral hepatitis. These sequences verify the presence of a new HEV strain in North America and provide information as to the degree of variability between variants. The HEV-US nucleotide sequences are 92% identical to each other and only 74% identical to the Burmese and Mexican strains. Amino acid and phylogenetic analyses also demonstrate that the US isolates are genetically distinct, suggesting the presence of three genotypes of HEV. Serum from the second US patient induced hepatitis following inoculation into a cynomolgus macaque. Within 2-4 weeks, HEV-US2 RNA was detectable in both the serum and faecal material coinciding with elevated serum alanine transaminase levels. Infection resolved as antibody titres increased 8 weeks post-inoculation.
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PMID:A hepatitis E virus variant from the United States: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques. 1009 8

In a 4-year follow-up study, patients with acute sporadic non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis were evaluated to determine the etiology and natural history of the disease. Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) was detected in 13 of 43 (30%) of patients, anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgG in 5 (12%), and 25 (58%) were considered non-A-E. The HCV RNA was detected in all HCV patients but none of the non-A-E cases. The initial clinical and biochemical presentation of the HCV and non-A-E cases was quite similar, although 2 of the non-A-E patients had severe disease. The 5 patients who were found to be anti-HEV IgG-reactive recovered within 6 months of follow-up. Of the 13 HCV cases, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels returned to normal in 7 (53. 8%), while 6 (46.2%) continued to show abnormal ALT after 6 months of follow-up. However, 9 (69.2%) of them remained HCV-RNA-positive, denoting virological/biochemical dissociation. Long-term follow-up showed a reappearance of HCV RNA in 2 of the 4 patients who were in virological remission performing 84% of chronicity rate. Acute non-A-E hepatitis patients were less likely to evolve toward chronicity, as compared with acute HCV cases (16% vs. 84%; P =.0001). Only 4 (16%) of the non-A-E patients were hepatitis G virus (HGV)-RNA-positive. Concerning risk factors for acquiring parenterally transmitted viruses, tattooing was the only one that could be associated with HCV transmission (P =.002). No risk factors could be identified for putative non-A-E virus transmission. Liver biopsies performed for chronic HCV patients showed a variable degree of inflammation, while the non-A-E patients presented less severe histological disease.
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PMID:Acute sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil: etiology and natural history. 1038 69

Of 200 voluntary blood donors screened for hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA, employing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), three were found to be positive (1.5%). None of the HEV RNA-positive blood donors had any symptoms at the time of blood donation or during subsequent follow-up. One donor was positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to HEV, with a raised serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, whereas the other two donors were negative for both immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to HEV. Follow-up blood samples collected 2-5 months later from HEV RNA-positive blood donors demonstrated the presence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies. Overall seroprevalence of IgG anti-HEV was 18.6%. Retrospective studies on samples collected from commercial blood donors and haemophiliacs revealed IgG anti-HEV positivity to be 24. 6% (46/191) and 24.4% (22/90) and statistically not different (P>0. 1) from the prevalence among voluntary blood donors and an age-matched normal population, respectively. However, a highly significant proportion of the paid plasma donors, with a high prevalence of IgG antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, were positive for IgG antibodies to HEV (54/71, 76%, P<0.001), indicating a possible role of blood-derived HEV in the transmission of the virus among plasma donors. These results demonstrate the possible risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis E in hyperendemic areas.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus: can it be transmitted parenterally? 1060 28


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