Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An experimental model of hepatitis E was established in Rhesus Monkeys. Four animals were inoculated with stool suspensions that obtained from patients with hepatitis E. Two animals injected with PBS were taken as negative controls. After 4-6 weeks the ALT of the four animals infected HEV raised 3-4 times and the live biopsy showed acidophilic degeneration of hepatocytes and coagulative liver cell necrosis. Acidophilic bodies were frequently observed. Foci of lytic single-cell necrosis were also observed. Degenerative and microinflammatory changes in liver parenchyma in zones 1-2 of liver lobules were accompanied by inconspicuous infiltrations in portal tracts. 27-34 nm virus-like particles were recovered from the stools of infection animals by IEM.
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PMID:[Experimental infection with hepatitis E virus in rhesus monkeys]. 133 1

The aim of this study was to determine if rhesus monkeys infected with one isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV) were immune to subsequent challenge with other isolates of the virus. Three epidemic and one sporadic Indian HEV isolates were employed in the study. The interval between primary inoculation and challenge varied from 1 year and 6 months to 2 years and 9 months. Evidence of HEV infection was ascertained by rise in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and/or seroconversion to antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV), and the presence of HEV-RNA in the bile or faeces of the infected monkeys. No evidence for multiplication of virus in monkeys challenged with different HEV isolates was obtained. These results show that immunity generated by one isolate of HEV protects against different isolates of hepatitis E virus.
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PMID:Cross-challenge studies in rhesus monkeys employing different Indian isolates of hepatitis E virus. 759 13

Examinations of 4457 blood donors (about 80% were men aged 18 to 30) revealed an increased level of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in 82 (1.8%). Specific markers of viral hepatitis C were detected in 15.9%, of hepatitis B in 12.0%, of hepatitis D in 2.0%, of hepatitis E in 8.0%, of hepatitis A in 2.0% of sera with high SGPT levels. Mandatory screening of blood donors revealed specific markers of viral hepatitis in 15.9% of cases, additional testing detected these markers in 10.9% cases more. A conclusion is made that an increase of SGPT activity is an independent surrogate marker of viral hepatitis.
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PMID:[Alanine aminotransferase--a surrogate marker of viral hepatitis]. 774 Jul 84

The presence of great differences in the activity of the epidemic process of hepatitis A (HA) in some regions of Russia is shown and the data necessary for establishing the structure of HA foci in groups of children, as well as the proportion of different forms of the disease registered in such foci (the icteric form in 22.7% of patients, the obliterated form in 11.3% of patients, the nonicteric form in 45.5% of patients and the asymptomatic form in 20.5% of patients), are presented. The study revealed that the shedding of HA virus occurred at an early stage (5-10 before a rise in alanine aminotransferase activity in the blood was registered), its excretion lasted for a short time (till jaundice appeared) and no chronic carriership of HA virus was registered. The hospitalization of HA patients after the appearance of jaundice was proved to be unjustified, while measures aimed at the rupture of the fecal-oral mechanism of the transmission of HA virus were shown to have good prospects. The epidemiological features of hepatitis E (HE) are considered. HE cases constituted 2-3.6% of all patients with acute viral hepatitis in Moscow (all these cases were brought from Central Asia). The outbreaks of this infection in the countries of Central Asia were shown to be due to the transmission of the infective agent by the water route. The data on the first results of the use of high-titer specific immunoglobulin for the prophylaxis of HE among 135 pregnant women (only one of these women contacted HE, while in a similar group of women used for control 4 HE cases were registered) are presented.
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PMID:[The current problems in the epidemiology and prevention of enteric viral hepatitis in Russia]. 787 75

Two rhesus monkeys (M. mullata) of approximately two years of age were inoculated intravenously with a 10% suspension of hepatitis E virus (HEV) positive stool from Kirghistan as evidenced by immuno-electron microscopy. Evidence of HEV infection was demonstrated by rise in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and seroconversion of these monkeys to anti-HEV after 1-1/2 months post-inoculation as evidenced by immunoblot. One year after the primary inoculation, these monkeys were challenged with an Indian strain of HEV. No rise in serum ALT levels was noted during an observation period of 6 months. The same inoculum produced HE in two rhesus monkeys. The results showed that strains from India and Kirghistan were antigenically closely related and rhesus monkeys infected with one strain of virus were immune to another strain.
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PMID:Rhesus monkeys infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV) from the former USSR are immune to subsequent challenge with an Indian strain of HEV. 801 Jan 89

A 53 year old female nurse presenting with malaise, jaundice and pruritus is reported. Physical examination only disclosed jaundice and laboratory values showed an ALT of 445 U/l, ASAT of 179 U/l, alkaline phosphatases of 455 U/l and a total bilirubin of 7.7 mg/dl. Serological markers for hepatitis virus E were positive and negative for hepatitis virus A, B and C, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus. The patient recovered fully in 10 weeks and is asymptomatic after 5 years of follow up. Health care workers probably have a higher risk for hepatitis E than the general population and this is the first acute sporadic case described in Chile.
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PMID:[Acute sporadic hepatitis caused by the E virus in Chile. Clinical case]. 806 47

The infectivity titer of a standard stock of the SAR-55 strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was determined in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and the effect of dose on the course of the infection was examined by weekly monitoring of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and anti-HEV levels. Antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) was measured with ELISAs based on ORF-2 recombinant antigens consisting of either a 55 kDa region expressed in insect cells or shorter regions expressed as fusion proteins in bacteria. The ELISA based on the 55 kDa antigen was generally more sensitive. The infectivity titer of SAR-55 was 10(6) cynomolgus 50% infectious doses per gram of feces. The infectivity titer corresponded to the HEV genome titer of the inoculum as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Anti-HEV IgM was detected in only a portion of the animals that had an anti-HEV IgG response. Biochemical evidence of hepatitis was most prominent in animals that were inoculated with the higher concentrations of virus and the incubation period to seroconversion was prolonged in animals that received the lower doses.
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PMID:Infectivity titration of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus in cynomolgus monkeys. 808 60

The pathogenesis of experimental hepatitis E has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to more accurately document the events in this disease. Cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with bile or feces containing hepatitis E virus (HEV). Serum, bile, and liver specimens were evaluated with light microscopy, immune electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, EIA, and polymerase chain reaction. In the third week, there were histopathologic changes and HEV antigen (HEVAg) in liver, HEV in bile, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations. Widespread pathologic changes were detected during the fourth week and antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) and peak ALT values in the fifth or sixth week. By the sixth week, HEVAg had disappeared but pathologic changes persisted. This study supports the concept that experimental hepatitis E has an initial phase in which hepatic HEV replication is accompanied by the onset of hepatitis and a later phase in which the appearance of anti-HEV is accompanied by progression of the hepatitis.
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PMID:Experimental hepatitis E: pathogenesis in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). 835 1

Five cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) developed hepatitis after inoculation with a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from Pakistan. Although all 5 monkeys displayed liver enzyme elevations, viremia, virus secretion in feces, and seroconversion, two different patterns of these parameters were observed. For 4 monkeys, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was first observed on days 21-26, viremia occurred before and during enzyme elevation, and the animals seroconverted coincidentally with the end of viremia or shortly thereafter. One of these monkeys had a more severe hepatitis, with peak ALT values more than twice the peak levels of the other monkeys. The fifth monkey developed biphasic hepatitis with peaks of ALT activity on days 26 and 54. In this case, viremia and seroconversion were correlated only with the second peak of enzyme elevation and liver histopathology only with the first peak. Viral shedding in this fifth animal lasted two times longer than in other animals.
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PMID:Variation in course of hepatitis E in experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. 850 18

To examine whether Indian monkeys are infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV) in nature, serum samples from wild rhesus (Macaca mullata), bonnet (M. radiata) and langur (Presbytes entellus) monkeys were screened for anti-HEV IgG antibodies in recombinant antigen-based ELISA assays. The positivity rates were 36.7%, 19.1% and 2% respectively. The protection of such antibodies against human HEV was studied in four rhesus monkeys. Of the two rhesus monkeys with anti-HEV titres of 100 and 1000 respectively which were inoculated with the KOL-91 strain of HEV, the former demonstrated a 10-fold rise in anti-HEV titres. Anti-HEV titre in the second rhesus monkey remained unchanged. Neither of the monkeys showed any rise in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) or presence of virus in the faeces, as tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two other rhesus monkeys with anti-HEV titres of 10,000 and 100 respectively were inoculated with the AKL-90 strain of HEV. Serum ALT levels and anti-HEV titres remained unchanged in the first monkey. Excretion of virus in faeces was not noted (PCR). The second monkey developed a typical HEV infection. HEV infection could be produced in anti-HEV negative control monkeys inoculated with both strains of HEV. These results show that either human or simian HEV, or a closely related agent, is circulating among Indian macaques. Titre-dependent protection of naturally occurring anti-HEV antibodies supports this view.
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PMID:Antibodies against hepatitis E virus in Old World monkeys. 879 May 67


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