Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 166 volunteers for an AIDS vaccine study (Vaxsyn, baculovirus produced recombinant GP160; MicroGeneSys Inc, West Haven, Connecticut, USA) were interviewed and examined. Blood was collected for routine laboratory testing as well as T-cell counts, HIV ELISA (EIA), Western blot (WB) and p24 Ag. Eighty-five men (mean age 22.2 years, range 18-42) and 81 women (mean age 23.9 years, range 17-50) volunteered; 130/166 (78%) were university students. Most had learned of the study from news media (55%), friends or workplace (37%). The most common causes for exclusion were the presence of indeterminate WB (26.5%) or a change of mind after the initial interview (24%). Other causes were abnormal cell count and differential (7.2%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (3.6%), positive hepatitis B antibody (3.6%), abnormal urinalysis (3.4%), recent venereal disease (3.0%), T4 cell count less than 400 (1.9%), abnormal chest X-ray (1.7%), recognized high-risk behaviour (1.7%), multiple sex partners (1.2%), positive rapid plasma reagin test (1.2%), failure to meet age criteria (1.2%), unable to be available for entire study (1.2%), abnormal physical examination (0.6%) and positive p24 Ag (0.6%). No volunteers had positive EIA, but 14.5% had more than one reason for exclusion. Even in a community with low prevalence for HIV, a large majority of healthy heterosexual volunteers can be expected to be ineligible for enrollment in HIV vaccine trials. An average of 4.8 volunteers were screened for each of 12 vaccinees chosen.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Characteristics of a population volunteering for human immunodeficiency virus immunization. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Network. 209 87

Although case reports of herpes simplex virus (HSV) causing acute hepatitis in otherwise healthy adults have appeared recently in the literature, a prospective study of the incidence of HSV-hepatitis in the general population hitherto has not been reported. In the present study, serum samples from 124 young adults attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic with either genital herpes infections (n = 86) or non-herpes sexually transmitted diseases (n = 38) (controls) were analyzed for liver enzyme abnormalities (including aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]). Twelve of eighty-six (14%) herpes-infected patients had mildly abnormal liver enzyme tests (less than or equal to twice the upper limit of normal) as opposed to only 1 of 38 controls (2.6%), (P less than .05). All individuals in the herpes-hepatitis group were anicteric, and only two complained of constitutional symptoms (malaise and fatigue). Liver enzyme tests were repeated in nine herpes-hepatitis patients 1 week after their genital lesions had resolved, and in six of nine patients the results had returned to within normal limits. Four patients subsequently returned at the onset of a recurrence of their genital herpes. In all four, serum ALT levels were elevated from the previous occasion, and in three of the four levels just exceeded the upper limit of normal. One patient was followed through three recurrences of his genital herpes. In that individual, the extent of liver enzyme abnormalities appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of his genital lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Genital herpes and hepatitis in healthy young adults. 301 68

Reporting of hepatitis B is not compulsory in France, but it is estimated that 8500-9000 acute cases and 100,000 hepatitis B infections occur every year. Seroprevalence studies have been carried out in selected populations. Every blood donation is screened for HBsAg, alanine aminotransferase elevation and anti-HBc antibody. Prevalence of HBsAg has declined from 13.9 positive donations in 1986 per 10,000 to 5.3 in 1991. In pregnant women, overall seroprevalence is estimated at 0.8-1%, which represents more than 5000 children born each year to carrier mothers. Screening of HBsAg for all women when six months pregnant is now compulsory. Heterosexual patients at STD clinics were shown to have a very high risk of being infected with hepatitis B virus, with a chronic carrier rate of 4-5%. In hospital employees before the introduction of vaccination, the overall incidence of hepatitis B was 100-300 acute cases per 100,000 employees per year. Risk varied according to exposure to blood; the highest incidence was found in nurses in dialysis wards. Vaccination against hepatitis B is now compulsory for all hospital and laboratory workers and medical and paramedical students. In preventive medicine consultants, routine medical check-up showed an overall HBV prevalence of 2.2% and a carrier rate of 0.3% in men and 0.1% in women. Immunization of all newborns and adolescents has recently been adopted in France, vaccination at school of adolescents aged 10-11 years being the main target.
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PMID:Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis B in France. 757 22

A population of 622 prostitutes in Taiwan was tested for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) using a synthetic peptide assay composed of representative determinants from capsid and nonstructural (NS) viral proteins. Seventy-four (12%) were positive and the remaining 548 (88%) were negative. Seventy-nine samples were retested by a second-generation anti-HCV assay composed of recombinant capsid and NS proteins of HCV. Both assays had a nearly perfect agreement (Kappa value = 0.91). Of the positive cases, 31% were positive for reactivity to capsid only. Most (60/74, 81%) of the cases positive for synthetic peptide assay were HCV RNA positive, indicating potential infectivity. On the basis of the results of synthetic peptide assay, univariate analysis showed that history of paid sex for longer than 6 months, blood transfusion, acupuncture, intravenous drug abuse, and age over 20 years were significant risk factors of HCV infection (P < 0.01). Elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (> 40 U/L) were positively associated with anti-HCV, while the presence of serum hepatitis B surface antigen was a negatively associated factor. Multivariate analysis revealed that history of paid sex for longer than 6 months and blood transfusion were positively associated with anti-HCV (P < 0.001). The latter only accounted for less than one fifth of the HCV-infected prostitutes. This study indicates strongly that sexual transmission is an important route for HCV infection in prostitutes. This risk group may spread HCV to other populations as a sexually transmitted disease.
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PMID:Prevalence, infectivity, and risk factor analysis of hepatitis C virus infection in prostitutes. 849 3

We examined the risk and determinants of developing severe liver toxicity in 108 HIV-infected patients showing adherence to nevirapine- and efavirenz-containing regimens. Between January 1997 and December 2000, 70 patients were treated with nevirapine- and 38 patients with efavirenz-containing regimens, for a median period of 127 days (interquartile range 65-240). Severe liver toxicity was defined as grade 3-4 elevations (>5 x upper limit of normal) of aminotransferases AST or ALT. A total of 22 (20%) patients showed severe liver toxicity, 17 of them were treated with nevirapine- and five with efavirenz-containing regimens (relative risk [RR]: 1.85, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.74-4.61; P=not significant). Multivariate analysis showed the association of severe liver toxicity with hepatitis C antibody positive (RR 7.64; 95% CI: 1.48-39.52; P=0.01), nevirapine- or efavirenz-containing regimens combined with a protease inhibitor (RR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.01-9.32, P=0.04) and alcohol intake greater than 40 g per day (RR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.27-7.54, P=0.01). These findings have potential implications for selecting and monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with hepatitis C virus coinfection and for avoiding alcohol intake during antiretroviral therapy.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Nov
PMID:Risk and determinants of developing severe liver toxicity during therapy with nevirapine-and efavirenz-containing regimens in HIV-infected patients. 1462 43

In order to evaluate the occurrence of hepatotoxicity in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) who switch protease inhibitor (PI), and the role of viral hepatitis in its development, we performed a retrospective study on 182 HIV patients treated with ART for 24 months. The presence of hepatitis viruses and alanine transaminase levels were evaluated. Hepatotoxicity developed in a low number of subjects without co-infection, but was significantly higher in co-infected patients (14/51 versus 62/131, P = 0.01). Ritonavir was associated with higher rates of severe hepatotoxicity in the co-infected group. Patients presenting any problems related to ART, including the development of hepatotoxicity, continued therapy by switching PI. The occurrence of hepatotoxicity with second/third choice PIs, including ritonavir, remained stable. Our results suggest that switching PI does not increase the occurrence of drug-related liver toxicity.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Feb
PMID:Development of hepatotoxicity in HIV patients switching at least one protease inhibitor. 1582 50

Case 1. A 23-year-old white housewife presented with an erythematous violaceous rash on her face, neck, chest, and limbs, particularly over the dorsum of the hands and fingers; diffuse alopecia; and an inability to climb stairs and get up from a low seat. The clinical examination showed red to violaceous well-demarcated plaques on sun-exposed areas on the dorsum of the fingers and hands, with periungual erythema and telangiectasia; facial erythema; and heliotrope rash. There was also symmetric involvement of proximal muscles of the limbs. Laboratory examination showed hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase, and serum alanine aminotransferase; normal activities of creatinokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aldolase; an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:40 with a speckled pattern; negative anti-DNA and anti-Scl70; and normal serum complement levels (C3, C4, and CH50). Urinalysis results were within normal limits. Skin biopsy histopathology showed hyperkeratosis, edema of the upper epidermis, scattered inflammatory infiltrate, and focal accumulation of mucin in the form of acid mucopolysaccharides. Deep asymptomatic nodules on the inner upper limbs appeared later. Histopathology of these lesions showed focal areas of lobular panniculitis in the subcutaneous tissue, with lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate without vasculitis (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Case 2. A 29-year-old white housewife presented with an erythematous violaceous rash on her face, neck, chest, and lower extremities. Clinical examination showed red to violaceous well-demarcated aching plaques on the internal surface of the thighs and tips of the fingers; periungual erythema and digital petechiae; Raynaud's phenomenon; and bilateral ulnar and cervical enlarged lymph nodes. Laboratory examination showed elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aldolase; negative venereal disease research test results; an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:1024 with speckled pattern; negative anti-DNA and anti-Scl70; and normal serum complement levels (C3, C4, and CH50). Urinalysis results were within normal limits. Histopathology of the deep asymptomatic nodule on the inner left thigh showed lobular panniculitis with a scattered inflammatory infiltrate and diffuse fat necrosis, in addition to calcium deposition between the lipocytes and microcysts without vasculitis (Figure 3).
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PMID:Dermatomyositis with panniculitis. 1721 24

The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers have been investigated in 101 Lebanese patients (69 men, 32 women; mean age 32.7 +/- 1.7 years) infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Seven patients (6.9%) were HBsAg carriers compared with 54 patients (53.5%) who had no evidence of exposure to HBV infection. Twenty-four patients (23.8%) had anti-HBc alone as a serological marker compared with four patients who were positive for anti-HBs alone and 12 patients (11.9%) who were anti-HBc and anti-HBs-positive. Occult HBV infection (presence of HBV DNA in the absence of HBsAg) is found to be relatively high (28.7%) in HIV-infected Lebanese patients and the overwhelming majority (83.3%) of those who were positive for anti-HBc alone had a detectable HBV DNA in their serum. However, none of our HIV-positive patients with occult HBV infection had abnormal alanine aminotransferase level, which also raises the question as to whether occult HBV plays a role in the aetiology of liver disease in HIV-infected patients. Further, studies on the association between HBV DNA levels and markers of liver function in addition to data on liver biopsy would help in answering this question.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Mar
PMID:Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected Lebanese patients with isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. 1839 62

Blood lipids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) are used to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We evaluated in a cross-sectional design the relationship of hsCRP to markers of liver function (aspartate and alanine transaminases [AST and ALT, respectively]), CVD risk factors and HIV-disease progression markers in 226 HIV-1 sero-positive drug users. hsCRP showed a significant inverse relationship with ALT and high-density lipoprotein, independent of age, gender, viral load, CD4 cell-count and antiretroviral (ARV) use, and was not significantly associated with HIV-disease progression markers. Serum markers of liver damage, AST and ALT, were associated with lower hsCRP, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. Elevated liver enzymes (> or =40 IU/L) were predictive of hsCRP levels that are considered a low risk for CVD. In conclusion, hsCRP may not be a reliable marker of CVD risk in populations with HIV at-risk for elevated liver enzymes due to high hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus prevalence and ARV use.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Jun
PMID:C-reactive protein: a poor marker of cardiovascular disease risk in HIV+ populations with a high prevalence of elevated serum transaminases. 1859 80

In hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are linearly correlated with HBV DNA levels and lamivudine resistance. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HBV co-infection, little is known about the association between ALT, HBV DNA, and lamivudine resistance. We assessed HBV DNA, lamivudine resistance and ALT levels in 45 time points in 11 patients with HIV/HBV co-infection during lamivudine-containing antiretroviral therapy. High HBV DNA levels (>10(6) copies/mL) and lamivudine resistance developed in 45% and 91% of patients, respectively. However, ALT levels were not elevated in the setting of high HBV DNA levels (mean ALT, 48 IU/mL) or lamivudine resistance (mean ALT, 44 IU/mL). HBV viraemia and lamivudine resistance during extended lamivudine-containing antiretroviral therapy are common in HIV/HBV co-infection, occurring in the absence of significant ALT elevations. In HIV/HBV co-infection, measurement of HBV DNA and HBV resistance mutations may identify HBV virological failure before biochemical changes and should be routinely used in the management of HIV/HBV co-infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Nov
PMID:Alanine aminotransferase levels are not significantly elevated in patients with HIV/HBV co-infection and lamivudine resistance. 1893 Dec 74


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