Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

150-200 g heavy, Walker-carcinoma bearing, male Sprague-Dawley-rats showed rapid, tumour weight dependent, loss of liver glycogen until complete depletion in tumour groups heavier than 40 g/animal. Simultaneously the glycogen mobilization after massive glucagon stimulation, was successivly diminished and finally abolished in different groups with increasing tumor weight. Concomitantly the spontaneous and stimulated activity of liver phosphorylase a was found markedly reduced in advanced tumour cachexia, the extent of stimulation of liver phosphorylase a activity by intracardial injections of epinephrine not being altered. Tumour induced inhibition of glycogen mobilization thus appears to have been excluded. To account for the relative late pronounced hypoglycemia in peripherial rat blood in face of the early loss of liver glycogen, accelerated gluconeogenesis has been postulated. In accord with this spontaneous rise in liver tyrosine amino transferase was found in tumour bearing rats along with a doubled maximal stimulation value after medrol injection as compared to control groups. This behavior could not be shown for liver alanine aminotransferase and liver fructose 1,6-di-phosphatase. The former showed no differences between control and tumour groups neither of spontaneous nor of stimulated activity. The latter showed only a very reluctant rise after massive stimulation by triamcinolone for 3 days in the control groups, the tumour bearing groups showing no deviation from spontaneous control values.
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PMID:[Biochemical investigations of cancer cachexia. II. Depletion of glycogenolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in Walker carcinoma 256 bearing rats (author's transl)]. 0 45

Whereas glucocorticoids induce TAT, TRP, GPT in liver and only TAT in HTC cells, no hormonal effect on the synthesis of these enzymes was found in Zajdela hepatoma cells grown in vivo as an ascitic tumor, or in vitro as layer cultures. Although these cells remain uninducible, the hormone penetrates normally, but a strong decrease of the specific binding of cytosol and nuclear proteins with the hormone was observed. The impairment at the level of the hormone receptors could account for the non-inducibility of enzyme synthesis in ZHC cells.
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PMID:Impairment of enzyme induction by glucocorticoids in Zajdela hepatoma cells. 1 35

In 131 patients on a medical service and 97 patients on a surgical service, in whom a diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease was verified in the hospital, the diagnostic value of routine liver tests performed soon after admission was evaluated by stepwise discriminant analysis. By measurements of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatases, gamma globulin, prothrombin time, bilirubin, and albumin, half of the medical patients were correctly classified into one of seven diagnostic categories. Aminotransferase contributed most to the classification, being twice as effective as random allocation. Decreasing the number of diagnostic categories to three (hepatitis, fatty liver, and chronic liver disease) increased the frequency of correct allocation to 80%. The allocation of all the patients to seven medical and four surgical diagnostic categories by means of four tests (aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatases, prothrombin time, and bilirubin) was significantly improved by each step with a misclassification rate of 55% when all tests were used. A reduction of the diagnostic groups to five (hepatitis, fatty liver, chronic liver disease, duct obstruction and tumor) increased the frequency of correct allocation to 63%. The analysis demonstrates the limited diagnostic effectiveness of routine liver tests when used alone. The absolute discrimination values depend on the a priori frequencies of the diagnostic groups investigated, and therefore may vary from time to time and from place to place.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of routine liver tests. 4 96

(1) Passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoassay are suitable methods for the detection of AFP in the low concentration range. (2) In 3.72% of the cases a clinically unknown carcinoma was found in an unselected group of patients with liver cirrhosis. (3) 21.9% of the patients showed AFP elevations up to 2000 ng/ml. In 10.6% of this group, increasing titers demonstrated a primary liver cell carcinoma. In 89.4% a transitory rise of AFP was not associated with tumor growth. Levels return to normal values within three months in 90% of the cases. (4) Transitory AFP elevations are not correlated to clinical conditions (praecoma, coma, delirium, bleeding, ascites, shunt) or to biochemical parameters (GOT, GPT, bilirubin, prothrombin complex time, gamma-globulin). (5) A temporary rise in AFP is more frequently observed in groups with high hepatoma incidence than in groups with low hepatoma incidence. (6) Therefore, it may be suggested that a transitory rise of AFP could reflect a "primary reaction" of carcinogenesis. (7) Primary liver cell carcinoma is found to be more frequent in posthepatitic than in postalcoholic, cryptogenic, and other cirrhosis and to be more frequent in australia-antigen positive than in australia-antigen negative cases. (8) Routine serological tumor antigen screening of patients with a precancerous disease is useful.
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PMID:Early detection of hepatoma: prospective study in liver cirrhosis using passive hemagglutination and the radioimmunoassay. 5 21

Adaptation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to serial cultivation in media with progressively elevated (hypertonic) NaCl content ("high NaCl"-tolerant cells) has resulted in progressive increases of the cellular activities of NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), glutamate--oxalacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1), NAD (P)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42). The activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2.) and of glycolytic enzymes as phospho-fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) were only slightly and not in progressive manner (in response to the progressive increase of the environmental NaCl concentration) affected. These changes are discussed with respect to a metabolic pattern of these "high NaCl"-tolerant cells which is compatible with increased energy requirements, especially for active cation transport. It is suggested that these increased cellular enzyme activities reflect an increased transfer of reducing equivalents across mitochondrial membranes (via the "glycerophosphate cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle") and possibly a stimulated lipid metabolism. These alterations in the level of enzyme activities must be regarded asan adaptive cellular response to the "high NaCl" environment, since readaptation to growth in regular isotonic media resulted in a reversion to the enzyme pattern characteristic of the parent cells.
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PMID:Changes in enzyme pattern of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following serial cultivation in media with increased (hypertonic) NaCl content. 12 1

Serum activities of LDH isoenzymes as well as total LDH, GOT and GPT were determined after hepatic artery ligation in five patients with primary or metastatic liver cancer. Transaminases and total LDH activities were raised after the operation showing their peaks on the first or third postoperative days. LDH2, LDH3 and LDH5 increased substantially during the first three postoperative days. These changes became nearly normalized within two weeks after hepatic artery ligation. As control the same enzymatic activities were measured in eight patients after usual laparotomies but no significant abnormalities were observed postoperatively. Thus, liberation of not only cathodic but also anodic migrating LDH isoenzymes seems to ensue possibly after acute liver damage induced by hepatic artery ligation. This study also suggests that serial determination of LDH isoenzymes as well as its total activity could be a valuable assessment for evaluating the anti-tumor effect of hepatic artery ligation.
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PMID:Changes in lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes after hepatic artery ligation in patients with hepatic carcinoma. 18 17

The clinical effects of apalcillin (APPC) treatment for 7 patients with bile duct infections were investigated and the following results were obtained. 1) Clinical effectiveness: Of 7 patients treated with APPC, the results were good in 5 cases, fair in 1 case and poor in 1 case. 2) Absorption and excretion of APPC: One g of APPC was administered with one shot intravenously to 4 patients of which 2 were malignant tumor cases and the remaining 2 non tumor cases. A peak of APPC level in serum and bile was 79 microgram/ml and 140 microgram/ml respectively in malignant tumor cases and 96 microgram/ml and 180 microgram/ml respectively in non tumor cases. 3) Side effects of APPC: No significant side effects were observed in 7 patients treated with APPC, except abnormal elevation of S-GOT and S-GPT levels occurred transiently in 2 of 7 cases.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on apalcillin treatment for bile duct infections (author's transl)]. 43 8

To learn the toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid (I-RNA), experimental and clinical studies were carried out. Experimentally, doses of 30 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg or 3.75 mg/kg of xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from lymphoid tissues of rabbits sensitized with 105,000 Xg sediments of human gastric carcinoma tissue were injected intraperitoneally into Wistar rats once a day for 30 days. During the period of the study, changes of physiological and biochemical values were examined. In addition, pathological study was made for each organ after the I-RNA administration. There was no death during the study. In the groups of high dose administration, there were poor increase in the body weight, elevation of GOT, GPT and LDH, findings of vacuolar degeneration of hepatic cells, and increase of mesangial matrix and polynuclear glomerulus. Throughout the experiment, the groups given 7.5 mg/kg and 3.75 mg/kg of I-RNA showed no significant difference from control groups. Clinically, 31 cases treated with passive immunotherapy with allogeneic lymphocytes, preincubated with xenogeneic I-RNA, were examined retrospectively for the difference in hematological and biochemical data before and after the therapy. One case showed a transient mild febrile reaction after the therapy. There was no significant difference in hematological and biochemical data. Pathological findings in 3 autopsies after the treatment were reported.
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PMID:Experimental and clinical studies on toxicity of xenogeneic tumor-specific immune ribonucleic acid. 49 51

Six female beagle dogs were given a daily dose of 100 mg MOCA, by capsule, 3 days per week for the first 6 weeks and then 5 days per week continuously for periods up to 9.0 years. The dose varied from 8 to 15 mg/kg body weight/day among the dogs. Six female beagle dogs were kept as untreated controls. The test was terminated after 9.0 years of treatment. The average plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the dogs fed MOCA was higher than that of the controls during the first and last two years on test. During the eighth and ninth years the urine sediment from MOCA dogs contained excessive numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. Some epithelial cells contained abnormalities that suggested neoplasia in the genitourinary tract. One MOCA dog, sacrificed after 8.3 years on test was found to have a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Of four MOCA dogs sacrificed after 9.0 years on test, three were found to have papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and one had a combined transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the urethra. The urethral tumor had metastasized to the liver, but the papillary transitional cell carcinomas found in the other four dogs did not invade the muscle layers of the bladder wall and did not metastasize. Since no urinary bladder tumors were found in the six control dogs, MOCA was considered to be carcinogenic for the urinary bladder of dogs under the conditions employed (p less than 0.025, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). Three of five MOCA dogs contained hyperplastic nodules in the liver with no such nodules in six control dogs (p greater than 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). This was considered to be suggestive of an effect of MOCA treatment.
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PMID:Urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA). 72 85

The effect of massive doses of vitamin A was studied as applied to the tumor growth in rats with Guerin's carcinoma, protein biosynthesis in them and enzymic activity. It is established that intraperitoneal administration of vitamin A massive doses (the total quantity being 4000 000 and 2000 000 I.U.) in equal doses for 6 days decreases tumor sizes and weight, intensity of protein biosynthesis by the cell-free protein-synthetizing system of the small intestine mucosa, intensifies activity of retinylpalmitate hydrolase, decreases that of retinylpalmitate synthetase, increases the activity of alanine aminotransferase. The authors assume that under the effect of vitamin A massive doses the capacity of retinol-binding protein transporting vitamin A is exhausted, the latter being transported in a cell by lipoproteids, which causes the cell membrane lysis.
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PMID:[On the potential protective properties of vitamin A in carcinogenesis]. 92 12


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