Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cardiac output (CO), renal blood flow (RBF) and hepatic blood flow (HBF) were measured by the microsphere method before (control) and at 4 and 10 h after the induction of acute renal failure by intramuscular injection of glycerol in water-drinking, long-term saline-drinking and long-term captopril (converting enzyme inhibitor)-drinking rats. At 4 h after glycerol injection, CO, RBF and HBF significantly decreased in all three groups. At 10 h after glycerol injection, CO, RBF and HBF recovered to 88% of the respective control levels in only the saline-drinking rats, whereas CO, RBF and HBF further decreased to 53, 38 and 58% of the control levels, respectively in the captopril-drinking rats. At this time, not only acute renal failure but also hepatic disorder developed in the water-drinking and captopril-drinking rats as indicated by elevations of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase and other blood chemistry levels. The development of acute renal failure was not suppressed by captopril, but by long-term saline load. Thus, we conclude that the decrease in CO is an important variable of the early decrease in renal and hepatic perfusion in glycerol-induced acute renal failure, and that the early recovery of HBF as well as RBF may play an important role in preventing the development of acute renal failure.
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PMID:Cardiac output, renal blood flow and hepatic blood flow in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. 260 3

Endotoxemia frequently appears in severe type of alcoholic liver disease. However, we have little knowledge how endotoxin influences the progression of alcoholic liver injury. Thus, to study the causal mechanism for the progression to the severe type of alcoholic liver diseases, endotoxin (0.2 mg/100 g BW, E. Coli O26:B6) was intravenously injected in chronic ethanol-fed rats and controls, and then, rats were sacrificed after 16 hours of endotoxin treatment. The elevation of serum GOT and GPT activities induced by endotoxin was significantly higher in chronic ethanol-fed rats than controls, and these biochemical changes were well correlated with the grade of necrosis of liver histology. Furthermore, in chronic ethanol-fed rats, endotoxin treatment tremendously increased blood BUN and creatinine levels and produced the degeneration of renal tubuli with neutrophil infiltration into glomerulus. These experimental findings are very similar to the severe type of alcoholic liver disease. On the other hand, endotoxin significantly decreased serum values of CH50 in chronic ethanol-fed rats, but not in controls. Such alterations of CH50 induced by endotoxin were well correlated with the several parameters indicating the injury of liver and kidney. Therefore, the present study may indicate that chronic ethanol ingestion aggravates endotoxin-induced organ injury, and that the activation of complement system may associate with such progression of organ injury.
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PMID:[An experimental study on the severe type of alcoholic liver disease--a pathogenetic role of potentiated activation of complement system by endotoxin after chronic ethanol consumption]. 267 43

The causes and clinical signs of hepatobiliary involvement in disease are many and varied and often are not referable directly to this organ system. Laboratory investigation frequently is necessary to rule hepatic disease in or out, to assess the functional impact on the liver, and to decide whether hepatic disease is the patient's primary problem or a complication of something else. The selection and interpretation of laboratory tests to resolve these problems is based on an understanding of relevant functional anatomy and pathophysiology. The mainstay of such assessment is hepatic enzymology, which can detect active disease in both hepatocytes and the biliary system. The hepatocellular pattern of disease is characterized by increases in leakage enzymes such as SDH, GLDH, and ALT and the cholestatic pattern by increases in induced enzymes (ALP and GGT). In general, enzymology does not allow the intensity or functional effect of hepatobiliary disease to be assessed, and quite severe hepatopathies may have only minimal enzyme abnormalities. For this reason, the primary biochemical data base for ruling hepatobiliary disease in or out always should involve some screening tests of hepatic function, such as albumin, protein, bilirubin, glucose, or urea determinations; as well as urinalysis to search for bilirubinuria and urobilinogenuria in hyperbilirubinemic patients and for ammonium biurate crystals when hyperammonemia or hepatic encephalopathy is suspected. Because the liver synthesizes most clotting factors, evaluation of blood coagulation is indicated when surgery is contemplated on patients with liver disease or when bleeding is present. Paired pre- and post-prandial determinations of serum bile acids are the preferred method for assessment of hepatobiliary function in dogs and cats. However, the BSP clearance test continues to be useful in the functional assessment of the liver as long as the dye remains available to veterinarians. Clearance of BSP is delayed in hepatocellular, cholestatic, and portosystemic disease as well as by severe extrahepatic circulatory disturbances, In general, this functional test is less sensitive than serum bile acids or the ammonia tolerance test in the recognition of hepatic encephalopathy caused by portosystemic anomalies. The objectives of biochemical screening of the liver are to establish the type (hepatocellular, biliary, or mixed), duration (acute, chronic), and stage (aggressive, convalescent) of hepatobiliary disease and to assess functional status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Biochemical evaluation of the hepatobiliary system in dogs and cats. 267 13

Thirty three heterosexual chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers were randomized, with stratification for disease activity, to receive intramuscular recombinant interferon alpha-2a (r-IFN) at doses of 4.5 megaunits thrice weekly for 4 months, or no treatment. During r-IFN treatment, serum HBV-DNA levels fell in all, but 2 patients. Final evaluation at 16 months after randomization revealed that the rate of complete response, i.e., loss of both HBV-DNA and HBeAg with ALT normalization was 22.2% (2 of 9 cases) in patients on interferon and 12.5% (1 of 8 cases) in untreated patients for the group with high serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and with piecemeal necrosis on liver biopsy on entry. The corresponding value was 25% (2 of 8 cases) in treated and 12.5% (1 of 8 cases) in untreated patients with low liver disease activity. Overall, a complete response was thus observed in 23.5% of treated patients and in 12.5% of controls. None of the patients on therapy became HBsAg negative. It is concluded that treatment of heterosexual patients with chronic hepatitis B with r-IFN in the dose regimen used here was not associated with a significant higher rate of serologic and clinical response compared to controls, independently of pretreatment biochemical and histologic activity of liver disease.
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PMID:Long-term effect of low dose recombinant interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. 269 68

We studied the relationship between the ratio of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) to alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and histologic changes in human and experimental alcoholic liver disease. The patient population included 52 hospitalized patients enrolled in a Veterans Administration Cooperative study. The experimental animal group consisted of male Wistar rats fed an ethanol-liquid diet. Of the 52 patients with alcoholic hepatitis, 33 had evidence of cirrhosis. The mean +/- SD for the ASAT/ALAT ratio in the group with alcoholic hepatitis and no cirrhosis was 1.47 +/- 0.84, the mean +/- SD in the group with hepatitis and cirrhosis was significantly higher (2.68 +/- 1.32, p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the ratio between the rats with and without liver fibrosis. The cause for the increased ASAT/ALAT ratio in serum in the presence of cirrhosis is unknown and may reflect more severe liver damage.
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PMID:Serum aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio in human and experimental alcoholic liver disease: relationship to histologic changes. 270 13

The authors examined 133 patients with urolithiasis, treated with hydrochlorothiazide and 81 patients treated with allopurinol. In those treated with hydrochlorothiazide the calciuria and Ca/creat. index declined, and uricaemia rose. After treatment uricosuria increased significantly in 41% patients. The detection of diabetes did not exceed the prevalence in the population. In patients treated with allopurinol the uricaemia and uricosuria declined, a hepatic disorder with supraliminal rise of ALT was recorded in 23% of the patients and led to discontinuation of treatment in 15% of the patients.
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PMID:[Adverse effects of drug metaphylaxis of urolithiasis]. 272 Jul 29

The present study was performed to establish whether sequential determinations of antipyrine clearance, using a simplified two-point test, are sensitive and specific indicators of changes in chronic hepatitis B disease activity. Sixteen patients were studied on four or more occasions during 18 to 30 months. Eleven patients were treated with recombinant human alpha-interferon (2.5, 5.0 or 10 X 10(6) per m2, intramuscularly, three times per week, for 24 weeks), and five patients were untreated controls. Among seven patients, (six interferon-treated and one control) who lost hepatitis B e antigen from serum, antipyrine clearance improved by 46% (range: 20 to 160%) from 0.37 +/- 0.14 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.D.) to 0.54 +/- 0.13 ml per kg per min, p less than 0.005. This change paralleled the loss of symptoms and reduction of serum ALT levels (from 206 +/- 189 IU per liter (mean +/- S.D.) to 38 +/- 12 IU per liter, p less than 0.005). Conversely, antipyrine clearance declined to previous levels when reactivation of chronic hepatitis B with reappearance of HBeAg in serum occurred. Regardless of changes in hepatitis B serology, when serum ALT values fluctuated by more than 20% (presumed to reflect fluctuations in necroinflammatory activity of the liver disease), antipyrine clearance also changed whereas serum albumin and bilirubin concentrations and prothrombin time did not. It is concluded that antipyrine clearance is a more sensitive and specific parameter than conventional indices for assessing hepatic metabolic function during changes in chronic hepatitis B disease activity. Remission in disease with loss of HBeAg from serum is associated with improved hepatic metabolic function as determined by the antipyrine clearance test.
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PMID:Serial antipyrine clearance studies detect altered hepatic metabolic function during spontaneous and interferon-induced changes in chronic hepatitis B disease activity. 274 31

Serum-soluble Tac peptide was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 12 patients with acute type B hepatitis, 33 patients with chronic type B hepatitis, and 15 age- and sex-matched controls. All 12 patients with acute type B hepatitis had elevated levels of soluble Tac peptide with a mean (+/- SD) of 1527 +/- 432 U/ml, significantly higher than that of normal controls (264 +/- 74 U/ml) or patients with chronic type B hepatitis (646 +/- 399 U/ml). Serial follow-up showed that serum levels of soluble Tac peptide tended to return to normal 2-4 months after onset of acute hepatitis along with the normalization of alanine aminotransferase and seroconversion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to anti-HBs. Patients with chronic type B hepatitis also had significantly higher levels of soluble Tac peptide than normal controls, although only 63.6% (21/33) of them had a level greater than the upper limit of normal. Serum levels of soluble Tac peptide in patients with chronic type B hepatitis varied considerably with the inflammatity in liver. The hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with chronic active liver disease had significantly higher levels of soluble Tac peptide (928 +/- 424 U/ml) than HBeAg-positive (412 +/- 146 U/ml) or anti-HBe-positive (424 +/- 175 U/ml) patients with chronic persistent hepatitis or minimal histological change. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between serum levels of soluble Tac peptide and alanine aminotransferase. These findings suggested that activation of T cells might play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic type B hepatitis. Assay of serum-soluble Tac peptide might provide a simple and useful means to better understand the immune mechanisms of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
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PMID:Serum levels of soluble Tac peptide in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. 278 45

Two groups of experimental animals with pair-fed controls were studied to evaluate the effect of chronic carbon monoxide (CO) exposure on progression of experimental alcoholic liver injury. Eight pairs of male Wistar rats were continuously infused liquid diet and ethanol or isocaloric dextrose for four months. Four pairs were also exposed to CO. Liver damage was followed monthly by serum ALT and morphologic assessment of liver biopsy. Serum levels of ALT were significantly higher in the CO-ethanol group compared to other groups. Electron microscopy revealed a greater degree of cell necrosis in the CO exposed group which explained the significantly higher ALT activity in these animals. Both experimental groups (CO-ethanol and air-ethanol) had significantly greater liver damage than controls. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were not different in the ethanol-fed and control group. Our results show that chronic CO exposure enhances liver cell necrosis in ethanol-fed rats thereby lending support to the hypothesis that ethanol and hypoxia enhance cellular disruption in the liver which could be important in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease in rats.
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PMID:Effect of chronic carbon monoxide exposure on experimental alcoholic liver injury in rats. 279 87

A prospective study was undertaken in order to investigate the association between clinical and biochemical parameters and the histopathological findings in liver biopsies in the morbidly obese. Wedge liver biopsy specimens were taken at the beginning of the surgical procedure from 100 consecutive morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Histological abnormalities were found in almost all of the examined material (98 of 100), which ranged from mild fatty infiltration through inflammatory change and alcoholic hepatitis-like change to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The patients with abnormalities were divided into two groups: those with a single abnormality (n = 56) and those with two or more histopathological findings (n = 42). Age, excess body weight, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the group with more than one histopathological finding. In a discriminant function analysis, it was found that the preoperatively available measures of age, sex and excess body weight, as well as ALT and triglyceride levels, could discriminate between the two patient groups. A model which uses these variables has been described which correctly assigns the patients to their histology groups in 73% of the cases. This model could provide a useful noninvasive clinical tool for the preoperative evaluation of possible hepatic damage in morbidly obese patients in whom there is no other known cause of possible liver disease.
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PMID:Liver histology abnormalities in the morbidly obese. 280 69


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