Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

90 chronic alcoholics (55 men and 35 women, aged between 20 and 60 years) were investigated to determine how alcohol withdrawal effects the pattern of enzymes in plasma and if changes in this enzyme pattern could be used as criteria for evaluation of the recovery process. Among the different enzymes tested, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) and the transamines seemed the most suitable parameters. At the beginning of the alcohol withdrawal course, 79 out of 90 patients (80%) showed elevated values of one of these enzymes in plasma. GOT was elevated in 31 (34%), GPT in 24 (23%) and GGTP in 79 (88%) of the cases. In 49 patients (54%) GGTP was the only enzyme found to be elevated. The values of GGTP were on the average higher than those of GOT and GPT. GGTP has thereforeto be regarded as the most sensitive enzyme since it was elevated in most of the patients. GGTP reacted with 6.8 times more sensitivity than GOT and 6.3 times that of GPT. After withdrawal of alcohol the three enzymes showed a decline in all 79 patients. The transaminases normalized faster than GGTP. GTP fell into the upper normal limit after only 30 days. Among the 90 alcoholics examined, 14 relapsed during the alcohol withdrawal course. After the new excess of alcohol intake, the GGTP in plasma rose immediately. Alcohol abuse was suspected in 50% of the patients due to the increase in this enzyme and was subsequently confirmed by the patients. Acute alcohol loading in normal volunteers did not lead to an increase in GGTP activity. A comparison of the histology of liver biopsy material showed that neither the transaminases nor the alkaline phosphatase and GGTP served to differentiate the various forms of alcoholic liver damage. However, GGTP represents the most sensitive enzymatic parameter for the detection of alcoholic liver disease. This enzyme is useful in evaluating the success of a course of alcohol deprivation. The decreasing values during such treatment, as well as the prompt increase after a relapse, points to the high sensitivity of this enzyme. A further argument is that in 54% of the patients elevation of GGTP only was present. Since no liver damage could be demonstrated in these patients with the aid of the other liver enzymes, the elevation of GGTP may be related to the alcohol intake through an enzyme induction mechanism such as has been demonstrated for this enzyme with certain drugs.
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PMID:[The behavior of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and other liver enzymes in the plasma during alcohol withdrawal treatments]. 1 56

In well defined liver diseases in 69 alcoholics and in 71 patients without history of alcoholism the enzymatic findings were compared. Also a group of 43 alcoholics with praedelirium or delirium tremens were examined. In steatosis due to alcohol, the average of GGTP (145 U/l) attains values two times higher than in comparable cases of non-alcoholic origin (73 U/l). In cirrhotics with alcoholism, the average GGTP levels (477 U/l) exceed those obtained in patients with cirrhosis of other origin (110 U/l), four times more. Similar or higher GGTP values were found only in primary biliary cirrhosis. After a period of at least 3 months of abstinence, GGTP values had decreased (to 68 U/l) in the average). The highest values of GGTP were found in acute alcoholic hepatitis and in chronic alcoholics with praedelirium or delirium tremens. GGTP accords diagnostic hints in comparison with other enzymes, as shown by a quotient of GGTP-GPT. GGTP is very helpful for differentiation and long time observation of alcoholic liver disease, especially with regards controlling abstinence of alcohol.
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PMID:[Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase in alcoholic liver diseases]. 1 29

Gamma-GT, alcaline phosphatase and other parameters of abnormal liver functions were estimated in 54 consecutive in-patients having active RA but without a previous history or clinical signs of liver disease, and compared with a matched control group, suffering from degenerative rheumatic disease. There was a slight to moderate elevation of gamma-GT in 40.4% of the RA-patients (mean value 27.2 IU/l) and in 32.1% (mean value 22.3 IU/l) of the control group, respectively. The difference was not significant. Abnormal values in the control group occurred mainly in patients with peri-arthropathia of the shoulder, before mobilisation under anaethetic (3 of 5) and - coxarthrosis before total hip replacement (4 of 12). Alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 25.9% of the RA-patients (mean value 41.3 +/- 21.9 IU/l) and in 14.8% of the control group (mean value 34.3 +/- 15.9 IU/l). The difference was significant. There was a correlation between gamma-GT and alcaline phosphatase in the RA-group (r = 0.549, p less than 0.001) but not in the control group (r = 0.102). Abnormal values found in the control group were mainly found among patients with osteoporosis, following fractures, and coxarthrosis. The frequency of abnormal results and the value of the means increased with raising disease activity. Two groups of 30 and 32 patients, respectively, were examined at intervals of 2 or 4 weeks over a period of 6-10 and 18 months, respectively, and showed temporary elevations os gamma-GT in 3/4 of all patients, of GOT in 2/3 of alcaline phosphatase in 1/2 and of GPT in 1/3. Compared with other parameters of liver disease gamma-GT did not react in a different but in a more sensitive way. In our opinion it is the most sensitive indicator of reactive changes of the liver in RA.
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PMID:[Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in chronic polyarthritis. I. Comparison with a control group and relationship with alkaline phosphatase]. 1 55

Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) level was estimated in 132 patients with different liver diseases (chronic persistent and chronic active hepatitis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, chronic alcholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, cholestasis syndrome, fatty liver, Gilbert disease) and malignancies with and without liver involvement. The gamma-GT levels were compared with the values for serum bilirubin, transaminases (GOT, GPT) and alkaline phosphatase in the same patients. gamma-GT values were normal in chronic persistent hepatitis and increased in chronic active hepatitis. Very high activities were measured in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis in contrast to postnecrotic cirrhosis. gamma-GT proved to be more sensitive than alkaline phosphate as an index of cholestasis and liver involvement in malignancies. It is suggested that gamma-GT activity offers valuable aid in differential diagnostics of liver-diseases. gamma-GT being an inducible enzyme, its activity may be raised by enzyme inducing drugs also in subjects without liver disease.
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PMID:Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: its clinical significance. 2 44

A prospective study of 181 patients suspected of having liver disease was carried out to determine the relative efficiencies of serum bilirubin (total and direct), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with respect to diagnosis. Liver biopsies, liver scans, abdominal ultrasound, and clinical parameters were also tabulated and used independently to evaluate the patient's hepatic status and to determine the final diagnoses in each case. From the results of these tests for the 60 patients who were diagnosed as having liver disease, and the 87 patients who were felt to be free of liver disease, predictive values of the above tests were established. Data from this study suggests that while direct bilirubin is the most specific test, GGT is the most sensitive and has the fewest false negatives in the diagnosis of liver disease.
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PMID:Predictive values of various liver function tests with respect to the diagnosis of liver disease. 4 85

Hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was demonstrated by immunofluorescence (IF) in liver biopsies from chimpanzees with experimental hepatitis A virus infection. Blocking experiments with paired sera from patients with hepatitis types A, B, or non-A, non-B, as well as with purified HA Ag, showed that the fluorescence was specific for HA Ag. HA Ag could be demonstrated only in biopsies from chimpanzees inoculated with hepatitis A virus. In two of four chimpanzees biopsied weekly, HA Ag could be detected by IF before stool shedding of HA Ag, elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), or histopathological evidence of liver disease was seen. The HA Ag was detected for 4 to 5 weeks; the last IF-positive biopsy was obtained after SGPT activity had returned to normal. In the two other chimpanzees, HA Ag could be detected only in the biopsy taken at the time of SGPT elevation. In the early IF-positive biopsies, HA Ag was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of many cells, but it later accumulated in a focal distribution in the cytoplasm of a few of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. This cytoplasmic distribution agrees with previous electron microscopic data.
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PMID:Detection of hepatitis A antigen by immunofluorescence. 20 May 65

Among 200,000 infants screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) deficiency, 125 Pi Z, 48 Pi Z, 1Pi S-, and 2 Pi Z- children were followed up prospectively. Eleven percent of the Pi Z infants had neonatal cholestasis, and at 2 years of age three of them had cirrhosis. About 50% of the asymptomatic Pi Z and Pi Z- subjects occasionally had serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels above normal, and in 15% of them the levels were probably permanently increased during the first two years of life. Two previously healthy Pi Z children had transient symptoms of liver disease at age 2 years in connection with severe infections. The Pi SZ children had no significant clinical liver disease and only two had abnormal serum ALAT levels. Among Pi Z children up to 2 years of age the following diseases were also encountered: eight had recurrent bronchitis with wheezing, two had persistant cough (both had cirrhosis), one had severe pneumonia, one was mentally retarded, three had urinary tract infections, six had pronounced eczema, one had allergic shock, and three had congenital malformations. Among the Pi SZ children one had recurrent bronchitis, one had eczema, and one had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Three children, two Pi Z and one Pi SZ, have died. The Pi Z- and Pi S- subjects were healthy. In conclusion a variety of significant symptoms were observed in about 30% of the Pi Z children compared with 6% of the Pi SZ children during the first two years of life.
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PMID:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in early childhood. 30 15

We used the previously described [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)] and evaluated [Clin. Chem. 19, 1122 (1973)] computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing to select and perform tests of hepatic status, to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of liver disease. Results for total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained from the continuous-flow analysis (SMA 12/60) admission screen were used by the instrument system to determine selectively the values for gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total and direct bilirubin. Kit methods for the latter four tests were evaluated on the system; results were similar to manual procedures. A software, enzymatic ratemeter was found to be better than the previously described hardware ratemeter. The follow-up tests of serum prescribed by the system are compared to clinician-prescribed follow-up tests and discharge diagnoses. In 10 of 19 cases, the system and clinician ordered similar follow-up tests; in three cases follow-up differed, and in six cases, the system ordered follow-up tests and the clinician ordered none.
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PMID:Computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing III. Application to liver assessment. 34 61

In a study of persistent abnormalities of liver-function tests in hemophilic patients deficient in factor VIII or IX and treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates, we examined 14 liver biopsies from 13 anti-HBs-positive patients. None had any symptoms of liver disease. All had chronically abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase. Histologic studies showed chronic persistent hepatitis in eight patients, chronic active hepatitis in four and fatty infiltration with portal fibrosis in one. Indirect immunofluorescence of antiserums containing anti-HBs or anti-HBc (or both) revealed nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence in the hepatocytes of eight of 12 patients. Specificity testing of these antiserums confirmed that hepatitis B viral markers are present in the hepatocytes of these anti-HBs-positive patients. These histologic derangements are probably related to frequent treatment with blood products obtained from multiple donors and to the persistance of hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes despite the presence of circulating anti-HBs.
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PMID:Asymptomatic structural liver disease in hemophilia. 34 86

In a double blind study carried out under standard conditions at two treatment centers silymarin, 2 sugar-coated tablets 70 mg three times daily, showed a definite therapeutic influence on the characteristic increased serum levels of bilirubin, GOT and GPT associated with acute viral hepatitis. The above mentioned values in 28 patients treated with silymarin were compared with those in 29 patients treated with placebo. The laboratory parameters in the silymarin group regressed more than in the placebo group after the 5th day of treatment. The number of patients having attained normal values after 3 weeks' treatment was higher in the silymarin group than in the placebo group. A statistical comparison revealed a difference between bilirubin and GOT values in the placebo and silymarin groups and a definite trend in the regression of GPT values in favour of silymarin. The course of the immune reaction in HBS Ag patients was not influenced by silymarin. As already proved by other investigators, the use of silymarin in acute viral hepatitis can lead to an accelerated regression in pathological values, thus indicating its use in the treatment of this liver disease.
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PMID:[Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centres (author's transl)]. 35 64


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