Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of multivariate analyses have been carried out in 49 patients with obstructive jaundice and three indices have been derived which help in the assessment of risk and the planning of investigation and management. The k-value, a measure of endogenous bilirubin clearance, is affected by cholangitis, alanine aminotransferase, pre-intervention bilirubin levels and the patient's sex. It has similar strength to the antipyrine clearance test in predicting morbidity and mortality. The mortality discriminant index is obtained from creatinine level, serum albumin and a score for cholangitis, and has an overall accuracy of 95%. The malignancy discriminant index depends on age, cholangitis score, creatinine level and gamma glutamyl transferase, and has an accuracy of 84%. All three indices have been programmed into a commercially available spreadsheet on a small microcomputer, and are automatically and rapidly available as soon as standard biochemical and clinical measurements have been entered.
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PMID:Use of a microcomputer in the assessment of diagnosis and risk in obstructive jaundice. 386 96

A 4-year-old cat was examined because of anorexia and lethargy. The cat became icteric within 3 days of admission. Values for aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were higher than normal. Radiography revealed hepatomegaly, with loss of detail in the cranioventral portion of the abdomen. Further diagnostic procedures were not permitted, and the cat was euthanatized. At necropsy, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and numerous choleliths were found. Cholelithiasis is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice in the cat.
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PMID:Cholelithiasis in a cat. 397 77

The pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline (NA) was measured in lungs removed from 3 day sham-operated rats and from rats whose bile ducts had been ligated 3 days earlier (BDL). The pulmonary metabolism of NA as measured by a single clearance of the radio-labelled 14C-amine was significantly increased in lungs excised from BDL rats as compared to that measured in the sham-operated rats. The change in metabolism was associated with an alteration in the pulmonary uptake of NA and not with the activities of the enzymes monoamine oxidase types A and B and catechol-O-methyl transferase. Moreover, it was not correlated with rises in the bilirubin or cholesterol concentrations in the serum of the BDL rats and occurred independent of any changes in pulmonary pressure. In a second series of experiments, the evolution of this abnormality over the period of one to six days postoperative was investigated. In the sham-operated rats, there was no significant change in the pulmonary metabolism of NA even by the sixth day. In contrast, there were time-dependent increases from one to six days in these metabolic processes in BDL rats with the highest values being at six days. In contrast, the serum concentrations of bilirubin and cholesterol and activities of the enzymes, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase all rose to their maximum by the fourth day and thereafter declined. Although serum albumin levels fell significantly in BDL rats they were not significantly different from sham-controls. Thus, change in pulmonary metabolism of NA with obstructive jaundice increases with time from one to six days and it not related to the blood chemical changes of biliary obstruction or hepatic synthetic function.
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PMID:Modification of pulmonary metabolism of noradrenaline in experimental obstructive jaundice. 403 22

To elucidate the mechanism of liver mitochondrial dysfunction induced by obstructive jaundice, the following experiments were performed. In vivo study: Using Wistar male rats, bile ducts were ligated, and serum levels of total bilirubin (T-Bil), GOT, GPT, mitochondrial GOT (mGOT) and total bile acids (TBA) were measured at 3 and 7 days after the ligation. Then, the liver was isolated to determine mitochondrial functions and to measure the content of fatty acids in mitochondrial phospholipids by high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of T-Bil, GOT, GPT, mGOT and TBA were elevated by the bile duct ligation. Mitochondrial functions were deteriorated, and contents of arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid in mitochondrial phospholipids decreased. Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 (E-0216, CoQ10), an antidetergent agent, prevented not only the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and the decrease in mitochondrial phospholipids but also the elevation of GOT, GPT, and mGOT although CoQ10 did not prevent the elevation of T-Bil and TBA levels. In vitro study: Using intact rat liver mitochondria, the effect of taurocholic acid (TCA), one of the physiological bile salts, on the mitochondrial function and on mitochondrial phospholipids was examined. Incubation of mitochondria with TCA induced a dose-dependent deterioration of mitochondrial function and the increase in the content of solubilized phospholipids. The protective effect of CoQ10 was also observed in the in vitro study. These results indicate that degradation of mitochondrial phospholipids by bile acids is responsible for the early phase of liver dysfunction induced by obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:Mechanism of liver mitochondrial dysfunction associated with bile duct obstruction. 408 44

Results of traditional laboratory tests of liver function were correlated with the clinical course in 26 pediatric patients after liver transplantation. On the basis of clinical outcome after transplantation, the patients were divided into two groups: (a) uncomplicated course with short hospital stay, and (b) post-transplantation course complicated by multiple clinical problems. The patterns of results for tests reflecting liver function--bilirubin (total and conjugated), aspartate (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine (EC 2.6.1.2) aminotransferases, and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma GT, EC 2.3.2.2)--were consistent with the clinical findings in these patients. Values for alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), however, were only rarely increased, even when there was clinical evidence of biliary obstruction. Not only was serum gamma GT increased in obstructive jaundice, but this sometimes was the only test giving results outside the normal limits. We suggest that the persistent and marked increases of gamma GT observed in half of the patients may have resulted from immune-mediated damage to the transplanted liver.
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PMID:Interpreting the profile of liver-function tests in pediatric liver transplants. 614 60

Hepatic dysfunction associated with parenteral nutrition (PN) is a well recognized occurrence. In order to define the temporal inter-relationships of direct bilirubin to other laboratory parameters, total and direct bilirubin, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase were measured prior to beginning PN and then weekly throughout the duration of PN in 60 consecutive neonates. Cholestatic jaundice (ChJ), defined as a direct bilirubin greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dl, developed in 11 (33%) of 33 infants receiving PN for at least 2 weeks. Direct bilirubin was the most sensitive and earliest indicator of ChJ. SGOT and SGPT values in the ChJ group were not statistically different from the non-ChJ group until 2 weeks after the onset of cholestasis. Although there was a progressive increase in alkaline phosphatase during the course of PN, the increase was not greater in the ChJ group. In summary, direct bilirubin is the only laboratory indicator of hepatic status that need be determined serially in parenterally alimented infants. Although SGPT and SGOT may be helpful in characterizing hepatic dysfunction once ChJ has occurred, alkaline phosphatase levels do not reliably assess PN-associated liver injury.
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PMID:Laboratory monitoring of parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic dysfunction in infants. 678 77

The aim of this study was to investigate whether quantification of Lipoprotein X (LP-X) through its cholesterol moiety is advantageous in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. In the case of mechanic cholestasis, LP-X cholesterol never exceeds 22% of the total serum cholesterol. Lipoprotein-X cholesterol exceeded 70 mg/dl in the plasma of 85% of all cases of acute hepatitis. The combination of lipoprotein with the activities of alkaline phosphatase and GPT allows the recognition of almost 80% of cases acute hepatitis and thereby excludes all other causes of obstructive jaundice. In addition, 84% of all patients investigated can be correctly classified using a combination of LP-X with classical parameters for cholestasis. The concentration of LP-X cholesterol alone apparently is as powerful as the usually used clinical chemical parameters. A combination of lipoprotein and the classical parameters allows a better differentiation of cholestatic liver disease with regard to the underlying cause as it is possible with each group of parameters alone.
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PMID:[The significance of LP-X cholesterol in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis (author's transl)]. 707 29

The role of leukotriene (LT) on liver regeneration after hepatectomy is still unknown. LTB4 stagnates in the liver with obstructive jaundice, because LTB4 is excreted in the bile; therefore, LTB4 may have an effect on liver regeneration after hepatectomy with obstructive jaundice. Release of obstructive jaundice and simultaneous 70% hepatectomy was performed in rats to study the effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (AA-861) on liver regeneration. Group 1 underwent hepatectomy with administration of 0.1 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), group 2 underwent hepatectomy with administration of AA-861 (20 mg/kg/d) dissolved in 0.1 mL DMSO, group 3 underwent hepatectomy with administration of AA-861 (40 mg/kg/d) dissolved in 0.1 mL DMSO, group 4 underwent release of obstructive jaundice and hepatectomy with administration of 0.1 mL DMSO, and group 5 underwent relief of obstructive jaundice and hepatectomy with administration of AA-861 (20 mg/kg/d). DMSO or AA-861 was administered 24 hours before, during, and 24 hours after hepatectomy in each group. Whole blood LTB4 and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and bromodeoxyuridine labeling index (LI) were measured before and after hepatectomy. The LTB4 level increased during obstructive jaundice and after hepatectomy. LTB4 and serum ALT levels were significantly lower after hepatectomy in the rats that were administered AA-861, and a significantly higher LI was observed at 24 hours after hepatectomy in rats receiving AA-861. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase promotes liver regeneration and decreases hepatocyte injury after hepatectomy associated with obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase promotes the regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy in normal and icteric rats. 861 35

Changes in the different fractions of the serum protease inhibitors were studied in experimentally produced cases of obstructive jaundice in rabbits to correlate with other liver specific diagnostic parameters. The heat stable antiprotease fraction and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum were the only parameters which did not show significant fluctuations in the normal as well as in the experimental controls and were significantly elevated due to bile duct ligation. However, due to smaller change in the magnitude, the heat stable antiprotease levels were not found to be of much diagnostic use and the determination of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase levels in serum appeared to be better indicators for detection of liver damage in such cases due to appreciable alterations in their levels.
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PMID:Changes in serum protease inhibitors and liver specific enzymes in experimental jaundice. 897 38

The aim of this study was to assess the hypothesis that hepatic failure after extensive hepatectomy in patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ) may be mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). In the OJ group, rats underwent a partial hepatectomy of 78% after 2 weeks of cholestasis and subsequent external biliary drainage for 5 days. In the sham-operated control group, rats were partially hepatectomized 19 days after the sham surgery. The concentration of the serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), which is homologous with the growth-related oncogene (gro) product, a member of the human interleukin (IL)-8 family, and a major neutrophil chemotactic factor in rats, increased concomitantly with accumulation of PMNs in the hepatic sinusoids during cholestasis and subsequent external drainage. However, changes in the serum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)/alanine transaminase (ALT) ratio as a marker of sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) injury showed no significant differences between the two groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on SECs was not affected by cholestasis and external drainage. After partial hepatectomy, the serum CINC concentration immediately elevated more prominently in the OJ group than in the sham-operated control group, and accumulation of PMNs in the sinusoids was more obvious and prolonged in the former. ICAM-1 expression was enhanced in both groups with a peak between 24 and 48 hours after partial hepatectomy. At this peak period, a significantly higher PNP/ALT ratio was observed in the OJ group. These results suggest that accumulation of PMNs in the sinusoidal space and ICAM-1 expression on SECs might be closely associated with the development of SEC injury after extensive hepatectomy in cholestasis.
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PMID:Neutrophil-mediated sinusoidal endothelial cell injury after extensive hepatectomy in cholestatic rats. 904 11


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