Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between plasma protein bound iodine (PBI) level and creatine kinase (CK) activity was investigated in 143 males and 528 females suspected of various thyroid disorders; there was significant negative correlation between low PBI level and raised CK activity. CK, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities were determined in plasma from patients with reduced PBI levels; apart from CK, LD was the only enzyme increased in an appreciable number of cases. A further series of specimens was collected from 66 patients with low PBI levels and the CK isoenzymes investigated. In all of these MM was the main form present; a trace of MB was found in 6. These findings do not explain the elevation of CK in hypothyroidism which may be a non-specific effect.
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PMID:An investigation into creatine kinase and other plasma enzymes in thyroid disorders. 7 98

Our objective was to determine if the previously reported protective effect of hypothyroidism against 1,1-dichloroethylene hepatotoxicity was associated with a change in distribution and covalent binding. Sprague-Dawley male rats were made hypothyroid (HypoT) by surgical thyroidectomy 2 weeks prior to studies and compared to euthyroid (EuT) rats. Hypothyroidism decreased body weights and liver to body weight ratios while mitochondrial non-protein sulfhydryl groups and cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase activities were increased by 50%. Rats received a single oral dose of 100 mg [14C]1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE)/kg in mineral oil and were killed at 2, 4, 12 or 24 h; controls received mineral oil only. More rapid liver injury, as measured by serum alanine aminotransferase activity and histology, was present at 2 and 4 h after DCE in HypoT than EuT rats, but a similar magnitude of injury was evident at 12 and 24 h. DCE decreased liver non-protein sulfhydryl groups to a comparable extent in HypoT and EuT rats. Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities were decreased only in HypoT rats after DCE. HypoT rats excreted approximately 30% less total [14C]DCE-derived label in urine and their livers, kidneys and lungs consistently contained slightly less covalently bound [14C]DCE-derived label. In contrast, between 1 and 4 h after DCE, greater amounts of acid-soluble and acid-precipitable [14C]DCE-derived label were recovered in red blood cells of HypoT rats. Our results indicate that hypothyroidism did not protect against oral DCE hepatotoxicity but was associated with a more rapid injury at early times. Concurrently, hypothyroidism was found to change the fate of [14C]DCE with higher amounts of 14C-label recovered at early times in red blood cells while less 14C-label was excreted in urine and bound to liver.
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PMID:1,1-Dichloroethylene hepatotoxicity: hypothyroidism decreases metabolism and covalent binding but not injury in the rat. 176 16

42 children with different kinds of hypothyroidism, who had been treated with thyroid hormones during several years, were thoroughly follow-up examined in 1988. Apart from few exceptions, patients in therapy attained standard data in length. Concerning skeleton maturation, clear differences between boys and girls were found. While male patients, with one exception, showed a retardation of bone-age, in females both, retardation and acceleration of bone-development were found. Serum concentration of FT4 and FT3 were chosen as hormonal parameter, and TSH was taken basal and after stimulation with TRH. Normal FT4 levels were found in 29 patients. In 5 children FT4 was significantly lower, in 8 cases an elevation of this serum-parameter was observed. Measurement of serum FT3 in 27 patients showed normal levels in 18 children. In 4 cases low and in 5 elevated FT4 levels were found. 29 patients had basal TSH concentrations within normal range, in 13 the estimated levels were elevated. TRH-stimulation carried out on 40 children showed normal serum TSH response for 13 of them. In 14 children an exaggerated TSH response to TRH occur, in 13 TSH still remain low after stimulation with TRH. Serum-GOT, -GPT, -Gamma GT and -CK were determined as encymic parameters. In 5 patients a typical hypothyroidism-associated GOT- and CK-elevation was found. 3 children showed an isolated rise of GOT-, 8 an isolated CK-elevation.
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PMID:[Disorders of thyroid gland function--hypothyroidism in childhood. An ambulatory follow-up study]. 194 69

The serum levels of a range of analytes known to change with thyroid status were measured in two groups of patients with primary hypothyroidism commencing T4 replacement therapy. One group (group 1; n = 9) had spontaneous hypothyroidism whilst in the second (group 2; n = 10), hypothyroidism had resulted from radioiodine therapy. The replacement dose was increased in 50 micrograms increments each month to 200 micrograms/day; this produced similar serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH in the two groups at each dose. Dose-dependent increases in glutathione S-transferase (GST) were seen in both groups but changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities occurred only in group 1 patients. Group 1 patients had significantly higher levels of GST than group 2 at the 150 micrograms (P less than 0.01) and the 200 micrograms (P less than 0.005) doses of T4, and they had higher activities of ALT (P less than 0.01) and GGT (P less than 0.02) at the 200 micrograms dose. Seven patients in group 1 had abnormalities in GST and four had high levels of ALT, whereas three patients from group 2 had high GST concentrations and all had ALT activities within reference limits. The concentrations of the other analytes measured in serum showed the same response to T4 in the two groups, particularly the concentrations of certain transport proteins whose serum concentrations depend on hepatic protein synthesis. These data suggest that patients with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism are more susceptible to hepatocellular damage than patients who have radioiodine-induced primary hypothyroidism when given oral doses of thyroxine greater than 150 micrograms/day.
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PMID:Different hepatic responses to thyroxine replacement in spontaneous and 131I-induced primary hypothyroidism. 233 10

The following parameters were studied in 27 newly diagnosed and not treated patients with primary hypothyroidism: TTH, creatine kinase (CK) with MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes LDH1 and LDH5, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) before and after 20-day substitutive therapy. It has been established that the enzymes were increased in about 60% of the untreated patients, and the typical enzyme constellation for hypothyroidism consisted of CK with MB isoenzymes, ASAT and LDH1. The myocardial isoenzymes were normalized within the period of substitutive therapy. The enzymes were established to be elevated only in the patients that had increased CK. The follow up of the above enzyme constellation before and during the initial phases of the treatment of hypothyroidism could provide considerable possibilities of differential diagnosis with ischemic heart disease, often manifested during that period. The determination of CK in advance would be a screening determining the necessity of studies on the enzyme constellation.
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PMID:[Serum enzymes in hypothyroidism]. 360 1

Eleven adult Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) were studied. Two items of history related to the digestive tract were characteristic: (i) chronic intractable diarrhea in most dogs, and (ii) progressive emaciation. Anorexia was intermittent in only a few dogs. In addition, skin lesions of various degrees of severity were observed, including alopecia of pinnae and ventrum, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of pinnae, and necrosis and ulcerations of margins of pinnae. The cause of the skin lesions was not determined; however, hypothyroidism did not appear to contribute to the skin changes. Standard hematologic and serum chemical values were not consistently abnormal. However, a poorly regenerative anemia, mild neutrophilia, and increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were generally observed in severely affected dogs. The Pelger-Huet anomaly was identified in dog 3. Maldigestion and malabsorption as determined by the N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid and d-xylose test was documented to varying degrees in dogs with IPSID. Maldigestion was correlated with functional pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Severe malabsorption was documented in only 3 dogs. Serum gastrin values were evaluated in these dogs because of a prior observation of parietal cell hyperplasia and gastric ulceration. Hypergastrinemia was documented in 3 dogs. Additional studies will be necessary to determine whether an acid hypersecretory state contributes to the pathogenesis of IPSID in Basenjis.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory characterization of Basenjis with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. 660 87

Clofibrate has been considered to be a relatively safe antidiuretic in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. However, we have recently had four cases of clofibrate-induced myopathy in patients with diabetes insipidus due to hypothalamic lesions. Physicians should therefore be aware of its occurrence and carefully monitor serum levels of CPK, GOT and GPT during the treatment of diabetes insipidus with clofibrate, especially in patients with associated hypothyroidism, latent or overt, which possibly favors the development of myopathy.
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PMID:Clofibrate-induced myopathy in patients with diabetes insipidus. 743 22

The liver has an important role in thyroid hormone metabolism and the level of thyroid hormones is also important to normal hepatic function and bilirubin metabolism. Besides the associations between thyroid and liver diseases of an autoimmune nature, such as that between primary biliary cirrhosis and hypothyroidism, thyroid diseases are frequently associated with liver injuries or biochemical test abnormalities. For example, thyroid diseases may be associated with elevation of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, which is mainly of bone origin, in hyperthyroidism and aspartate aminotransferase in hypothyroidism. Liver diseases are also frequently associated with thyroid test abnormalities or dysfunctions, particularly elevation of thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroxine. Hepatitis C virus infection has been connected with thyroid abnormalities. In addition, antithyroid drug therapy may result in hepatitis, cholestasis or transient subclinical hepatotoxicity, whereas interferon (IFN) therapy in liver diseases may also induce thyroid dysfunctions. These thyroid-liver associations may cause diagnostic confusions. Neglect of these facts may result in over of under diagnosis of associated liver or thyroid diseases and thereby cause errors in patient care. It is suggested to measure free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which are usually normal in euthyroid patients with liver disease, to rule out or rule in coexistent thyroid dysfunctions, and consider the possibility of thyroid dysfunctions in any patients with unexplained liver biochemical test abnormalities. It is also advisable to monitor patients with autoimmune liver disease or those receiving IFN therapy for the development of thyroid dysfunctions, and patients receiving antithyroid therapy for the development of hepatic injuries.
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PMID:Clinical associations between thyroid and liver diseases. 754 16

Thyroid hormone concentrations and measures reflecting thyroid function were studied in sera from 35 patients receiving long-term phenytoin (PHT) or carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy. The mean concentrations of T4, FT4, FT3, and rT3, but not T3, of these patients were significantly lower than those of 19 controls of similar age and sex distribution. The mean serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration was slightly but significantly higher in patients than in controls, but the serum TSH response to TRH was not significantly increased. In patients, the higher mean clinical diagnostic index of hypothyroidism (CDI-HT: -20.3 +/- 19.1 vs. -33.7 +/- 8.5, p < 0.05) and higher ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET: 0.343 +/- 0.065 vs. 0.334 +/- 0.030, p < 0.05) than in controls were compatible with tissue hypothyroidism. However, comparison of the mean levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, osteocalcin, procollagen type III aminoterminal propeptide, and somatomedin-C showed no significant differences between patients and controls. The increased mean angiotensin convertase and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, typical of hyperthyroidism, were probably caused by drug effects. Fourteen patients with a subnormal FT4 concentration in serum participated in a double-blind thyroxine treatment cross-over study. Neither the mean CDI-HT score, nor the systolic time intervals were significantly different between the thyroxine and placebo periods. Five patients benefited subjectively from the treatment. On the basis of all data from the cross-sectional and thyroxine treatment studies, we conclude that patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs chronically are eumetabolic and do not need thyroxine supplementation.
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PMID:Thyroid status of patients receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy assessed by peripheral parameters: a placebo-controlled thyroxine therapy trial. 758 56

A prospective study of 21 patients with the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was carried out. All patients had hepatomegaly and in 10 (48%) image studies were consistent with steatosis and/or fibrosis. Biochemically, there was increase of AST, ALT and cholesterol in 48%, of GGT in 52% and of alkaline phosphatase in 38%. 18 patients were obese, 2 of them diabetic, 2 others had a history of exposure to drugs (amiodarone and isopropilic alcohol) and the last one presented hypothyroidism. Liver biopsies were studied using a semiquantitative scale to evaluate the degree of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in a scale from 1 to 3. Results showed a medium score of 2.6 for steatosis, 1.5 for inflammation and 1.8 for fibrosis. Four patients had cirrhosis and Mallory bodies were found in 11 cases (52%). NASH is an oligosymptomatic disease that can be found in different clinical conditions, mainly obesity, and is more frequent in women. It is histologically indistinguishable from alcoholic steatohepatitis. It is frequently underdiagnosed clinically and must be taken into account as a possible cause of cryptogenetic cirrhosis.
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PMID:[Non alcoholic steatohepatitis]. 765 98


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