Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated 17 patients (12 males and 5 females, ages 2 to 57 years old) with posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis to determine relationships between clinical courses and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers. The patients were grouped according to time course of abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels into three categories (chronic biochemical disease, biochemically resolved chronic disease, and acute disease). Latest serum samples (1.3 to 10.8 years after blood transfusion) were used to detect antibodies against C100-3 antigen (anti-HCV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HCV sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 17 patients, 13 patients (76.5%) were anti-HCV positive and 8 patients (47.1%), including one anti-HCV negative case, were positive for HCV RNA. In total, 14 patients (82.4%) were positive for either HCV markers. With respect to clinical course, HCV RNA was detected in six of eight patients (75%) with chronic biochemical disease, and in two of five patients (40%) with biochemically resolved chronic disease. HCV RNA was not detectable in convalescent sera from four patients with acute disease. These results show that there is a relationship between clinical status and HCV viremia, but that normal liver function tests do not always represent the clearance of the virus. Viremia in two patients with normal ALT level suggests that hepatitis is not only caused by viral cytopathic effects, but also by immunologic reactions against virus-infected cells. Thus, PCR is useful in determining the persistence of HCV infection as well as to diagnose anti-HCV negative HCV infection.
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PMID:Serum hepatitis C virus sequences in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. 170 30

Hepatitis C virus RNA as detected by reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction was monitored in 16 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon. Hepatitis C virus RNA became undetectable after 4 to 8 wk of interferon administration in 13 of the 16 patients. During 6 mo of follow-up, 5 of the 13 patients who became negative for hepatitis C virus RNA after interferon administration remained negative, and all five continued to have normal ALT levels. Repeat liver biopsy in these five patients revealed histological improvement. Antibody to hepatitis C virus, which was initially positive in all treated patients, fell to undetectable levels in three of the five patients. In contrast, aminotransferase levels rose again in all eight patients who had become hepatitis C virus RNA negative but had again exhibited hepatitis C virus RNA after completion of therapy. In 16 untreated patients, hepatitis C virus RNA remained detectable. These results indicate that detection of hepatitis C virus RNA may be useful as a marker of viral replication in chronic hepatitis C; they also suggest that interferon should again be administered to patients who become hepatitis C virus RNA negative on treatment but again exhibit this marker of viral replication when treatment is stopped.
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PMID:Effect of interferon administration on serum hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 171 Oct 1

The successful cloning of a non-structural antigen from the genome of what is now designated as the 'hepatitis C virus' (HCV) has transformed an erstwhile diagnosis of exclusion for non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH). The assay has been validated against panels of known infectivity for NANBH and sera from haemophiliac patients treated either with virally inactivated or uninactivated factor VIII. The predictive value of the assay is being assessed clinically in prospective studies of post-transfusion hepatitis and by using laboratory techniques such as polymerase chain reaction. While the assay shows good predictability in high-risk subjects, an appreciable number of false-positive results are likely in blood donor populations. Furthermore, the extent of infectivity of seropositive blood donors is still the subject of active research. The prevalence of anti-HCV in blood donors varies from approximately 0.2 to 1.5% around the world, based on repeat reactivity in the Ortho antiglobulin ELISA assay. These rates may be appreciably reduced following supplementary testing with recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Prevalence data in African sera are as yet unreliable, pending assessment by RIBA, presumably because of high levels of IgG interfering with the assay. Presence of anti-HBc or elevated alanine aminotransferase associates to a greater or lesser extent with seropositivity, especially when both surrogate markers are present, but conversely many (unconfirmed) seropositive subjects lack these surrogate markers. An understanding of the modes of transmission of HVC is of obvious importance to transfusion practice. Intravenous drug use is a striking risk factor, but the contribution made by sexual transmission is not so clear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis and the anti-HCV assay. 171 Dec 60

Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) were quantitated in stored sera from selected groups of hemophilic children (less than or equal to 18 years of age). During the period 1987 to 1989, seropositivity rates were as follows: untransfused hemophiliacs 0% (0 of 11 cases), hemophiliacs treated exclusively with vapor-heated factor VIII or IX concentrates 0% (0 of 9 cases), hemophiliacs treated only with cryoprecipitate or single donor blood products 0% (0 of 9 cases), and hemophiliacs regularly treated with unheated or dry heat-treated factor VIII or IX concentrates 95% (21 of 22 cases). Corresponding alanine aminotransferase (ALT) results were similar: values were always below the upper limit of laboratory normal (40 U/L) in untransfused hemophiliacs, hemophiliacs treated with vapor-heated factor concentrates, or those who received only cryoprecipitate or single donor blood products. By contrast ALT values were greater than 40 U/L in 82% (18 of 22 cases) of hemophilic children regularly infused with unheated or dry heat-treated factor concentrates. Three conclusions are drawn from this data: (1) HCV is a major cause of chronic hepatitis in multitransfused hemophilic children, (2) unheated and dry heat-treated clotting factor concentrates carry a very high risk of transmitting HCV infection, and (3) clotting factor concentrates inactivated by vapor heating carry a very low and perhaps zero risk of transmitting HCV infection. These findings are of therapeutic significance for previously untransfused hemophiliacs susceptible to HCV infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis C infection in children with hemophilia A and B. 171 46

The efficacy of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C were evaluated by the changes of serum RNA of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the polymerase chain reaction. Before the treatment, HCV-RNA was detected in all of the 17 patients. 5 patients given IFN for 4 weeks, 12 cases given IFN by the 2 weeks/on 2 weeks off schedule (4 cases given 4 cycles and 8 given 6 cycles). Immediately after the treatment ended, the HCV-RNA was not detected in 12 (71%) cases. Five cases were persistently positive for HCV-RNA and showed continuously abnormal level of ALT. In 7 of 12 cases who became negative for HCV-RNA just after the treatment ended, HCV-RNA was detected again at first and 12th month after therapy. The ALT level were continuously abnormal in 4 of these 7 cases during and after the treatment, and became normal transiently in the other 3. In the 5 cases who became persistently negative (at least 1 year), ALT level decreased to normal or near-normal during follow up for more than one year. According to our results, we classified the therapeutic efficacy of IFN therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Type I response is complete response. In this type, HCV-RNA became negative persistently and ALT became normal or near-normal for at least 12 months after therapy. Type II is partial response. In this type, HCV-RNA became negative transiently and ALT level was transiently normal or poor. Type III is ineffective. In this type, HCV-RNA did not become negative and the effect for ALT was poor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Therapeutic efficacy of interferon on HCV-RNA in chronic hepatitis C. 171 33

Sera from 30 patients with community-acquired, biopsy-proven chronic non-a,non-B hepatitis (NANBH) were tested for antibodies to the C100 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The 20 patients who showed reactivity in this assay were followed prospectively for 6 months, during which time seven were treated with recombinant alpha-interferon. HCV RNA was detected by "nested" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 19 of the 20 anti-C100-positive sera taken at the onset of the study and also in five of the ten anti-C100-negative sera. Pretreatment viraemia levels ranged from 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(8) HCV genomes/ml. After 6 months of interferon, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels had fallen to normal in four of the seven treated patients. In each case the response to interferon was accompanied by either a disappearance of or a decline (1 log to 8 log reduction) in viraemia. HCV genome titres in the three nonresponders and in the 13 untreated anti-C100-positive patients did not change significantly over this 6 month period. These findings confirm the aetiological role of HCV in community-acquired NANBH and suggest that quantitative PCR will become a valuable technique for monitoring the antiviral effect of interferon and other experimental treatments.
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PMID:Effect of alpha-interferon therapy on hepatitis C viraemia in community-acquired chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: a quantitative polymerase chain reaction study. 171 96

We evaluated the specificity and clinical relevance of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positivity in 22 HBsAg-negative patients with autoimmune (anti-nuclear, anti-actin or anti-liver-kidney microsomal antibody positive) chronic active hepatitis. An ELISA anti-HCV test and a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-HCV) were used. Thirteen patients (59%) were anti-HCV positive and five (23%) anti-HCV negative by both ELISA and RIBA-HCV tests. Four patients (18%) were borderline positive by ELISA (OD less than 1.0), and three of them (all with severe disease) were negative by RIBA. Histologic necroinflammation, AST/ALT and gamma-globulins levels were higher and response to prednisolone treatment was better in RIBA anti-HCV-negative than in anti-HCV-positive cases. We confirmed with both RIBA and ELISA tests the high prevalence of anti-HCV already reported by ELISA in anti-nuclear and anti-liver-kidney microsomal antibody positive chronic active hepatitis. False positive for anti-HCV (i.e., a positive ELISA test not confirmed by RIBA) occurred only among patients with severe disease. Since RIBA-negative subjects showed the best response to corticosteroid, they might represent the only subset of cases of 'true' autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:Is autoimmune chronic active hepatitis a HCV-related disease? 171 43

Prospective studies have shown that the annual incidence of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis may be high in haemodialysis patients. To assess whether hepatitis C virus (HCV), the major causative agent of post-transfusion and community-acquired NANB hepatitis, has a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease in dialysed patients, we have studied the prevalence and significance of antibodies to HCV in a cohort of patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic haemodialysis treatment. Seventy-four (30%) had circulating antibodies to HCV. Statistically significant associations with the anti-HCV carrier status were duration of haemodialysis treatment, blood transfusions, and the finding of abnormally elevated ALT on retrospective analysis. In contrast, only one of 103 dialysis staff members showed transient positivity for anti-HCV, suggesting a low risk of professional exposure to HCV. These findings suggests that HCV infection is relatively frequent in haemodialysis patients and may be responsible for a significant proportion of liver disease in this clinical setting.
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PMID:Abnormal alanine aminotransferase activity reflects exposure to hepatitis C virus in haemodialysis patients. 171 92

Three hundred and thirty-nine dialysis patients from two centres (278 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 61 on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) were tested for antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) using first-generation enzyme immunoassay kits (Ortho Diagnostics). Anti-HCV was detected in five (1.8%) CAPD patients and ten (16.4%) HD patients (P less than 0.00001). Anti-HCV was confirmed to be positive in three (1.1%) CAPD patients and eight (13.2%) HD patients using neutralisation enzyme immunoassay kits (Abbott Laboratories). The marked difference in prevalence of anti-HCV among CAPD and HD patients was related to a significantly greater transfusion requirement of the HD patients. All the anti-HCV positive patients had been transfused. The risk of HCV infection was significantly increased in those who had received more than five units of blood. Four (26.7%) anti-HCV positive patients had one or more episodes of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values.
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PMID:Hepatitis C infection among dialysis patients: a comparison between patients on maintenance haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 172 91

To assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the pregnant women in Taiwan, we investigated two groups of pregnant women, 944 women without serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) screening (group A) and 197 women with abnormal ALT (greater than 45 IU/L) (group B). They were checked for anti-HCV (anti-C100-3) with HCV EIA kit (Abbott Lab., North Chicago, IL). The results showed that 21 (2.2%) in group A and 5 (2.5%) in group B were anti-HCV-positive. However, 15 out of 21 in group A had an optical density (O.D.) of anti-HCV less than 1.0, were negative by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA), and were regarded as false-positive. Nine infants delivered by those 11 cases were negative for anti-HCV at 6 months of age, while none of the 8 husbands were anti-HCV-positive. It is concluded that the prevalence of anti-HCV in pregnant women in Taiwan is low (6/944, 0.63%), even in the cases with abnormal ALT (5/197, 2.5%). There was no serologic evidence for perinatal transmission or spouse infection.
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PMID:Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus and infrequent perinatal or spouse infections in pregnant women in Taiwan. 172 82


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