Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma or serum from 4 patients with acute or chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis (P.T.H.) and from a blood-donor implicated in two cases of P.T.H. was inoculated into 5 chimpanzees. Biochemical and histological evidence of hepatitis developed in these 5 chimpanzees but not in a control animal. The mean incubation period in the chimpanzees was 13.4 weeks, compared with 7.7 weeks in the 4 patients with P.T.H. The peak alanine aminotransferase (A.L.T.) levels in the 5 chimpanzees were 265, 212, 219, 70, and 62 I.U./l. Histological changes ranged from mild to conspicuous hepatitis and generally correlated with the degree of A.L.T. elevation. There was no evidence of clinical disease and all animals went on to biochemical and histological recovery. There was no serological evidence of type A or type B hepatitis. Hepatitis was transmitted by serum derived from patients with chronic as well as acute hepatitis, strongly suggesting a chronic carrier state for the agent responsible for non-A, non-B hepatitis. Non-A, non-B hepatitis thus seems to be due to a transmissible agent which can persist and remain infectious for long periods.
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PMID:Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis. 7 17

Cases of hepatitis virus infection in Japanese recipients of blood transfusions were serologically and clinically analyzed after the introduction of laboratory screening of donor blood for hepatitis B surface antigen by counter immunoelectrophoresis. Non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred in 116 (10.7%) and hepatitis type B in nine (0.9%) of the 1,082 recipients. The incubation period of the post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis cases varied from two to 33 weeks, but most occurred within 15 weeks. In 97 (83.6%) of the 116 cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis studied, the duration of abnormal elevation of the level of serum alanine aminotransferase (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) was 16 weeks. The cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis could be divided into three groups according to the pattern of elevation of SGPT levels. These findings may suggest either a multiple etiology for non-A, non-B hepatitis or a variety of clinical symptoms with a single etiology for the infection.
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PMID:Non-B hepatitis in Japanese recipients of blood transfusions: clinical and serologic studies after the introduction of laboratory screening of donor blood for hepatitis B surface antigen. 43 50

A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for hepatitis C viral RNA (HCV-RNA) was used to monitor viraemia levels in six patients at multiple time points before, during, and after interferon therapy for chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH). Prior to therapy, serum HCV-RNA was detected in all patients at approximately 10(4)-10(5) HCV genomes/ml. HCV viraemia became undetectable within 1 month of commencing interferon in three of the five patients whose alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decreased to normal on therapy. In the remaining two responder patients, viraemia levels declined more slowly, becoming undetectable after a period of several months. Recurrence of viraemia during therapy was observed in two cases. The one patient whose serum ALT levels remained elevated throughout therapy showed no decline in viraemia. On stopping interferon after a 6 months course, HCV genome titres climbed rapidly in all patients, reaching higher levels than had been observed prior to therapy. Biochemical relapse occurred within 7 months of ending interferon treatment in all but one of the patients who demonstrated this viraemia "rebound" phenomenon.
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PMID:Hepatitis C viraemia rebound after "successful" interferon therapy in patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. 127 10

The value of screening blood donors for non-A, non-B Hepatitis using GPT as the surrogate marker has been debated for long time. Since January 1990, Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers have introduced anti-HCV screening with EIA. Approximately 1.1 percent of blood donors screened was anti-HCV positive in Kyushu district. Studies comparing with seroconversion rates showed discrepancy between anti-HCV and anti-HTLV-1 in some regions [Kagoshima: 0.9% (anti-HCV)/5.7% (anti-HTLV-1), Okinawa: 0.7%/5.2%, Nagasaki: 1.0%/3.7%]. Seropositivity of anti-HCV progressively increased with the age and GPT value in both male and female. In blood donors having history of transfusion, anti-HCV reactive rate was more than 10%. Results of Japanese Red Cross Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Research Group show the effectiveness of implementation of anti-HCV screening to prevent posttransfusion hepatitis.
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PMID:[Current status of anti-HCV screening and posttransfusion hepatitis]. 127 46

We measured hepatitis C virus antibody titers in 13 patients with chronic hepatitis C to determine whether titration of hepatitis C virus antibody was useful or not, to predict and evaluate the efficacy of interferon (IFN) treatment. During administration of IFN, hepatitis C virus titers declined in all patients. Antibody titers performed before treatment as well as just at the end of treatment did not correlate with change of the alanine aminotransferase levels during administration of IFN. Antibody titers declined continuously after treatment in 5 patients with normal alanine amino-transferase levels for over 6 months after discontinuation of IFN. Antibody titers rose again in 6 patients whose alanine aminotransferase levels fluctuated after treatment. An exceptional pattern of change occurred in 2 patients whose antibody titers declined continuously although their alanine aminotransferase levels fluctuated after treatment. Repeated titration of hepatitis C virus antibody appears to be useful for evaluating the long-term efficacy of IFN treatment.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus antibody titration in patients with chronic hepatitis C, before and after interferon treatment. 127 45

Two hundred and forty-three patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) and 20 renal unit staff were tested for antibodies to hepatitis C (HCV). Three patients (1.2%) were positive by the first generation test kit, the lowest rate in patients receiving RRT reported in the literature to date. These three, and eight other patients tested positive by the second generation kit, a prevalence rate of 4.5%. Anti-HCV antibody positivity was associated with higher mean serum alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.0003) and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.018) levels. However, only one of the 11 anti-HCV positive patients had liver transaminase levels more than twice the upper limit of the laboratory reference range. Anti-HCV positivity was associated with a higher mean number of units of blood transfused (p = 0.035). None of 20 staff were anti-HCV positive. Twenty-five of 212 (11.7%) patients reported a history of liver disease; none of these were anti-HCV positive. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in eight of 215 (3.7%) patients, of which three were e antigen positive. There was evidence of past hepatitis B infection in 53 of 215 (24.7%) patients, more frequently in Maoris (p = 0.001). Overall, significantly raised liver transaminases were present in three of 198 (1.5%) patients and in no staff. This unit has a remarkably low prevalence of antibodies to HCV, an observation supported by the low rate of abnormal serum liver enzymes.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients receiving renal replacement therapy, and in the staff caring for them. 128 95

Posttransfusion hepatitis remains a threat to transfusion therapy. Testing for increased ALT levels has been used in an attempt to reduce this risk. Presence of the infectious agent, hepatitis C virus (HCV), appears to be a much more sensitive criterion. Stored serum samples from transfusion blood as well as recipients of transfusion were tested by ELISA, RIBA and PCR for the presence of HCV. The results show that RIBA and PCR are about equally sensitive and are able to detect HCV positivity in many sera that might have been otherwise transfused. Routine screening for the presence of virus will dramatically reduce the danger of hepatitis infection to transfusion patients.
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PMID:HCV and blood transfusion. 128 May 7

The polymerase chain reaction with prior reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA was applied to hepatitis C virus RNA detection in human serum samples of different origin. In order to eliminate false negative results, the following steps were optimized: RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and oligonucleotide primer selection. We compared different RNA extraction methods using guanidinium salt/detergent and proteinase K digestion/phenol extraction, and tested virus particle enrichment with polyethylene glycol precipitation and ultracentrifugation. RNA extraction with guanidinium salt/detergent was the most efficient method. Ultracentrifugation of single samples did not improve hepatitis C virus RNA detection. Polyethylene glycol precipitation performed poorly. Recombinant thermostable reverse transcriptase produced cDNA from fewer samples than did Moloney murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase. Nested oligonucleotide primers from the 5'-terminal non-coding region of the hepatitis C virus genome amplified cDNA from more samples than did primers from the coding regions. Thirty six anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive samples were tested; nested primers (nucleotides 6 to 327 and 15 to 288) yielded 21 amplificates, whereas primers from the coding region produced 16 amplificates (nucleotides 4684-5276) and 5 amplificates (nucleotides 5166-5270), respectively. The most efficient combination of steps was RNA extraction with guanidinium salt solution, reverse transcription with Moloney murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase and nested polymerase chain reaction primed with primers from the 5'-terminal non-coding region of the hepatitis C virus genome. Other combinations produced more false negative results. Three different groups of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive individuals had markedly different viraemia patterns: Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in the sera of only 10% of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive blood donors, but in 90% of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive patients with clinically manifest hepatitis C, and 90% of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive haemophiliacs who had received plasma products in the past which had not been virus-inactivated. No hepatitis C virus RNA could be detected in the sera of 450 anti-hepatitis C virus antibody negative blood donors with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase catalytic concentrations.
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PMID:Improved detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. 128 41

To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Korean adults and to present the putative route of HCV transmission among them, serum samples from 4917 adults older than 20 years of age were tested for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), and histories of blood transfusion and other pertinent information were obtained by self-administered questionnaires. The overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.7%; prevalence was 1.4% in subjects with normal levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 3.3% in those with slightly elevated and 5.9% in those with markedly elevated levels of the enzymes. The prevalence of anti-HCV increased with increasing age (P < 0.01), but was not associated with blood transfusion. The present study suggests that the prevalence of HCV infection was 1.4% and that the major routes of HCV transmission may be other than blood transfusion in healthy Korean adults.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody among Korean adults. 128 74

The hepatitis C antibody reactivity rate in 91,748 blood donors tested using the ORTHO HCV C-100 ELISA system was 0.51%. Specificity of ELISA positive reactions was measured using a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). The aim of this study was to identify markers in ELISA positive donors which were predictive of a RIBA positive result. Samples from 430 ELISA positive donors were tested by the first generation RIBA, RIBA-1, which incorporates two HCV peptides C-100 and 5-1-1. Fifty-five per cent (236) were positive and 19% (83) indeterminate. Multivariate analysis of gender, age, HCV ELISA OD ratio, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) status and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) status identified age, magnitude of HCV ELISA OD ratio and anti-HBc status as the only independent predictors of a positive RIBA-1 result. The relative odds of being RIBA-1 positive were 4.6-fold (95% CI 1.3-16.4) higher among donors aged 25-34 years compared with donors less than 25 or greater than 44; 6.1-fold (2.1-17.9) higher if the donor was anti-HBc positive and 273.4-fold (30.9-2417) higher if the HCV ELISA OD ratio was greater than 5.98 compared to those with a ratio less than 1.77. Seventy-eight of the 83 RIBA-1 indeterminates were tested on the second generation RIBA, RIBA-2, which includes two additional HCV peptide, C22 and C33c. Thirty-one per cent (24) were positive and 41% (32) were negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Predictive markers for hepatitis C antibody ELISA specificity in Australian blood donors. 128 10


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