Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The newly-caught stump-tailed monkeys (Macaca speciosa) with negative antibody to hepatitis A were inoculated with human hepatitis A virus. The following findings were observed in the monkeys after inoculation: (i) the elevation of activities of the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme (LDH5), (ii) the seroconversion of antibody to hepatitis A virus. (iii) the shedding of hepatitis A antigen in feces. These findings show that the stump-tailed monkey (Macaca speciosa) is susceptible to infection of human hepatitis A virus. The virus recovered from the feces of the infected monkey, named as Hang-zhou A-1A strain of hepatitis A virus, has experienced two generations of successful transmission in monkeys.
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PMID:Studies on the transmission of human hepatitis A virus to stump-tailed monkey. 627 88

There are reports in the literature that infection with hepatitis A virus in hepatitis B carriers can result in resolution of the carrier state. In an attempt to induce clearance of the carrier state of hepatitis B virus in two persistently infected chimpanzees, the chimpanzees were infused with documented non-A, non-B infectious material. Biochemical and histopathological evidence of hepatitis was accompanied by the unique abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis in the chimpanzees. Elevation of alanine aminotransferase was accompanied by fourfold reduction in one chimpanzee and sixfold reduction in the other in the plasma levels of HBV-associated DNA polymerase activity and simultaneously by twofold reduction in the concentration of hepatitis B surface antigen in both chimpanzees. A mediator may account for these changes in markers of hepatitis B virus infection, and this mechanism may also explain the occurrence of spontaneous regression in some persistently infected carriers. The significance of transient red cell anaemia in non-A, non-B hepatitis, which was observed in one of the chimpanzees, is yet to be established.
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis in persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus. 640 22

The characteristics of 86 patients with acute non-A, non-B hepatitis were compared to 23 patients with acute hepatitis A and 76 with acute hepatitis B by medical record reviews of patients seen at 5 hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, as part of case-control study of viral hepatitis. Results of serum aminotransferase levels, bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin times alone could not distinguish the type of viral hepatitis because of extensive overlap. The alanine aminotransferase range for non-A, non-B hepatitis was 56 to 1819 IU/liters, for hepatitis A 250 to 1995 IU/liters, and for hepatitis B 203 to 2120 IU/liters. The ranges of aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin for the types of hepatitis also overlapped. Fewer patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis or hepatitis A had a prolonged prothrombin time compared to patients with hepatitis B. Hepatic encephalopathy was seen only in two patients with hepatitis B. Forty-two percent of non-A, non-B hepatitis patients followed for 6 months or longer continued to have elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. Chronic alanine aminotransferase elevation was independent of the source of infection: transfusion, parenteral drug use, or all other sources. Prolonged follow-up is necessary to evaluate chronicity in patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis.
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PMID:Community-acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis: clinical characteristics and chronicity. 642 May 13

Autoantibodies directed against liver plasma membrane antigens have recently been described in patients with acute viral hepatitis, type A (AVH-A). To further investigate this phenomenon, the antibody against one such liver membrane antigen, liver specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP), was assayed in six marmosets orally inoculated with hepatitis A virus (HAV). Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, anti-human LSP antibodies were detected in five of six animals. Two peaks of 125I-HLSP binding were observed: a minor peak at 20 days post-inoculation (dpi) in two animals, and a major peak at 38-45 dpi in five animals. There was no correlation between 125I-HLSP binding and liver histology score, ALT level, IgG concentration, anti-HAV P/N ratio, or E rosette lymphocyte count. A statistically significant correlation was observed, however, between 125I-HLSP binding and IgM anti-HAV antibody P/N ratios. 125I-HLSP binding was blocked by both marmoset and human LSP, but not by a marmoset kidney protein prepared in an identical manner. In summary, marmosets infected with HAV are a suitable animal model for the further investigation of anti-LSP autoantibody formation in AVH-A.
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PMID:Antibodies directed against human liver specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP) in marmosets experimentally infected with the hepatitis A virus. 670 67

Sequential liver biopsies of owl monkeys that had been experimentally infected with one of two strains of hepatitis A virus (HM-175 or PA-33) were examined for histopathologic alterations. Preinoculation biopsies were normal with only occasional minimal mononuclear cell infiltrates in portal tracts and hepatic lobular parenchyma. Histopathologic features that were present in biopsies taken during the period of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity (16-43 days after the intravenous inoculation of virus) included infiltration of predominantly mononuclear inflammatory cells into portal tracts and surrounding parenchyma, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells. Changes were similar in monkeys infected with either HM-175 or PA-33 virus strains. Convalescent biopsies (147-186 days after inoculation) showed resolving lesions with mild portal inflammation and occasional focal collections of inflammatory cells in the parenchyma. These histologic changes are similar to those associated with hepatitis A infection in man, chimpanzees, and several species of marmosets, and support the further use of the owl monkey as a model of human hepatitis A.
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PMID:Pathology of hepatitis A infection in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). 671 75

Radioimmunoassays for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), and anti-HAV of IgM class were used to verify hepatitis A and hepatitis B infection in 33 drug addicts with multiple attacks of hepatitis. Hepatitis A was confirmed serologically in 23 (32%) of 71 total hepatitis episodes, while hepatitis B was confirmed in 30 episodes (42%). The remaining 18 hepatitis episodes (25%) were, by serological exclusion, also of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infection, classified as hepatitis non-A, non-B. However, while as many as 13 (39%) of the 33 primary attacks of hepatitis were of the type non-A, non-B, this type was never observed as a third attack. In no case were two attacks of hepatitis A or hepatitis B demonstrated in the same individual, but two different episodes of hepatitis non-A, non-B were observed in one patient. The maximal serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were significantly lower in patients with hepatitis non-A, non-B as compared with those with hepatitis B. Development of chronic liver disease occurred in only two (7%) of the 28 addicts who continued to be followed up.
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PMID:Multiple hepatitis attacks in drug addicts. 676 7

To assess the relationship of liver dysfunction and hepatitis markers in hemophilic patients treated with factor VIII or IX concentrates, we studied 103 patients with hemophilia A and B for 6-36 mo. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase was noted in 79% of the patients, with 51% of the patients showing persistent elevation for longer than 6 mo. Thirteen patients (12%) were HBsAg-positive, with 8 patients showing persistence of HBsAg and abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase for more than 6 mo. Overall, anti-HBs was detected in 77% of patients. Twelve episodes of acute hepatitis were documented in 10 patients during 36 mo. Six episodes were due to hepatitis B virus. The remaining 6 episodes were due to non-A, non-B hepatitis with negative HBsAg and absence of seroconversion to hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In the six episodes of non-A, non-B hepatitis, the incubation period was less than 10 days in 3 patients and 30 days in 2 patients. In all cases with non-A, non-B hepatitis, the illness was symptomatic, but mild. Serum alanine aminotransferase returned to normal within 4 mo in 2 patients, but in 3 patients serum alanine aminotransferase persisted longer than 6 mo. One patient developed an acute B hepatitis 40 wk after non-A, non-B hepatitis. Thus, infection with the hepatitis B virus still remains prevalent as a cause of acute hepatitis in hemophiliacs receiving commercial factor concentrates, and accounts for chronic liver dysfunction in patients with persistent HBs antigenemia. In addition, acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, appears to be relatively common in hemophiliacs, and non-A, non-B virus may account for many cases of persistent liver dysfunction in these patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of type B and non-A, non-B hepatitis in hemophilia: relationship to chronic liver disease. 677 32

One hundred and thirty six patients receiving haemodialysis in a HB antigen-free unit were prospectively studied over a period of 29 months for evidence of hepatitis. Twelve/one hundred and eleven patients who were dialysed in this unit for at least one month developed elevation of ALT which proved to be related to neither toxic hepatitis nor hepatitis due to any of the following viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Therefore these cases were considered to be non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis. In 5 patients the liver disease was of short duration, whereas in 7 others hepatitis had a chronic course with ALT remaining elevated for more than 6 months. During the same period, one/sixty staff members who were working for at least one month in this unit also developed presumed non-A non-B hepatitis. Serological markers of NANB infection tested by double immunodiffusion were present in 10/12 patients and in the one staff member.
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PMID:A non-A non-B hepatitis epidemic in a HB antigen-free haemodialysis unit. Demonstration of serological markers of non-A non-B virus. 678 82

Out of 117 cases with acute viral hepatitis, 37 (32%) were classified as hepatitis A, 50 (43%) as hepatitis B and 30 (25%) as hepatitis non-A-non-B (NANB). In 21 of the 30 patients with hepatitis NANB, a possible mode of parenteral transmission could be found. The mean incubation period was 53 days. Only 3 patients had had blood transfusions. 14 (52%) of the 27 patients with sporadic hepatitis (without transfusions) had a mild course of the acute illness without, or with only mild, jaundice and transaminase values below 500 IU. The remaining 13 patients had a more severe form of acute hepatitis (bilirubin above 5 mg/dl, GPT above 500 IU), and in 11 of these 13 cases confluent necrosis was demonstrable on liver biopsy. 10 (37%) of the sporadic cases, of whom 8 had a mild form of acute hepatitis, and the 3 cases of posttransfusion hepatitis, were followed by a chronic course.
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PMID:[Non-A, non-B viral hepatitis: occurrence, epidemiology and prognosis]. 678 3

The authors studied the distribution of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 10,034 volunteer blood donors. The mean +/- SD ALT value was 21.4 +/- 19.3 IU/liter; 549 (5.5%) of the donors had a ALT value greater that 45 IU; 2.5 per cent had ALT values greater than 60 IU. In general, ALT levels were higher in males than in females, and were age related; peak values occurred in the third decade of life for males and between 50-60 years of age in females. ALT values greater than 45 IU were found significantly more often in males, in donors of both sexes 30-40 years of age, in married donors, in non-Caucasians, and in those whose education level was no higher than high school. Follow-up samples in donors with an initial ALT greater than 45 IU, revealed that 67% continued to have ALT values above 45 IU 2-8 weeks following initial sampling, and 40% had an ALT greater than 45 IU when tested again six months after entry into the study. ALT values greater than 60 IU were associated with a significantly increased prevalence of antibody of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) occurring together. No statistically significant association was found between transaminase activity and the prevalence of anti-HBs or anti-HBc alone, or with hepatitis A antibody. These findings demonstrate that there are defined sociodemographic and serologic features of donors with elevated ALT values.
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PMID:The distribution of serum alanine aminotransferase levels in a blood donor population. 680 84


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