Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Among 256 patients with acute hepatitis A, 17 (6.6%) had a relapse of the disease between 30 and 90 days after the primary episode. We studied 7 of these patients. Serologic testing showed mean alanine aminotransferase levels of 1668 IU/L during the acute stage, 107 IU/L during the early convalescence, and 1027 IU/L during the relapse. Tests for IgM antibody against hepatitis A virus were positive in the 7 patients at the onset of disease, with decreasing levels in 3 of the 4 patients tested during the evolution of the illness. Stools collected during the relapse phase showed hepatitis A virus by immune electron microscopy, radioimmunoassay, and molecular hybridization using a 32P-labeled cDNA-hepatitis A virus probe. Stools collected from 4 of these patients 6 to 12 months after the onset of disease were negative for the virus. The finding of hepatitis A virus in the stool of these patients during the relapse phase strongly implicates hepatitis A virus as the causative agent of the clinical relapse.
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PMID:Hepatitis A virus in stool during clinical relapse. 302 13

Among the 8,604 cases of acute viral hepatitis hospitalized during 1982 in 53 Italian hospitals, we studied 379 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis, 262 cases which occurred after surgery and 4,576 cases with no history of parenteral exposure. The etiological agents of post-transfusion hepatitis were NANB viruses in 57.8%, HBV in 39.0% and HAV in 3.2% of the cases. CMV and EBV accounted for less than 1.5% of the post-transfusion hepatitis cases. HBV was the main etiological agent (62.2% of the cases) in the post-surgical hepatitis group, where HAV accounted for only 6.1% of the cases. In contrast, in the group with no history of parenteral exposure, hepatitis A was most frequent. Percentages of patients with history of transfusion or surgery were always higher in type B and NANB hepatitis than in type A, suggesting that surgery without transfusion also represents a risk of acquiring type B and NANB hepatitis. No regional differences were observed in the etiological patterns of post-transfusion hepatitis and post-surgical hepatitis. The acute phase of type B post-transfusion hepatitis was more severe than that of NANB post-transfusion hepatitis, as shown by higher serum bilirubin and ALT levels and by a higher case fatality rate.
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PMID:Etiological, clinical and laboratory data of post-transfusion hepatitis: a retrospective study of 379 cases from 53 Italian hospitals. 303 12

Forty immature (less than 2 years old) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with marked increases in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were examined. Serological and histopathological evaluations were done to determine if affected animals were infected with hepatitis A virus. Although no clinical signs of illness were noted in any of the monkeys, an excellent correlation was found between the increased serum aminotransferase values and seropositivity with the acute phase (IgM) HAVAB-M antibody. Histopathological evaluations of livers of selected animals revealed hepatic lesions consistent with those in chimpanzees and marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus: generalized activation of sinusoidal lining cells, focal hepatocellular necrosis with occasional acidophilic bodies, and cuffs of mononuclear cells in the portal areas. Although no animals were seropositive for HAVAB upon receipt from the breeding colony, a total of ten of 18 animals for which serological data were available had seroconverted to HAVAB positivity during the 4-month observation period. These results are consistent with hepatitis A infection in immature rhesus monkeys and indicate the potential significance of serological testing in animals in which hepatic function is being evaluated.
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PMID:Evidence of hepatitis A infection in immature rhesus monkeys. 303 12

The clinical value of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-HBc IgM was evaluated by testing 202 sera from acute viral hepatitis B (AVHB), hepatitis B (HB), chronic hepatitis (CAH), chronic liver disease (CLD), cirrhosis, primary hepatoma, HBsAg carrier, acute viral hepatitis A (AVHA), hepatitis A (HA), non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis and miscellaneous conditions other than hepatic disease, and 19 additional various hepatic disease cases were examined for anti-delta. In clinical situations the accurate diagnosis of HB is not always possible and the differential diagnosis seems to be very important especially in making decisions of treatment and estimation of prognosis. In overall cases the highest positive rate of anti-HBc IgM was found in AVHB as shown as 74.3% (26/35) comparing to other conditions in which the positive rate was extremely low (2.1%). The anti-HBc IgM appeared to be highly specific to AVHB (83.9%) as compared to the other. The positive rate of HBsAg was high in AVHB, CAH and HBsAg carrier (100.0%) followed by CLD, cirrhosis and HB (up to 70.8%). The ALT activities and ALPalb fractions were significantly high in AVHB (p less than 0.005). The correlation between the positivity of anti-HBc IgM and highly abnormal ALT appeared be high. AVHB was confined mostly to 10-20 age group and the male to female ratio was about 6 to 1. Subgroup of AVHB II with positive anti-HBc IgM appeared to have a greater chance being positive for HBsAg and ALPalb. The S/N ratio of anti-HBc IgM was as high as 20 which was unique to AVHB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Anti-HBc IgM and anti-delta screening by EIA method. 307 4

Several species of nonhuman primates have served as animal models for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and disease. This study was to determine the suitability of Aotus trivirgatus as an orally induced model for HAV infection and to reconfirm the owl monkey's susceptibility to the intravenous route of inoculation. Animals were inoculated, either orally or intravenously, with varying concentrations of PA-33 strain of HAV. Serum enzymes ALT, AST and GGTP levels were monitored and liver biopsies performed when values exceeded three standard deviations above individualized mean baseline values. All animals had postinoculation elevations of serum ALT and AST values, shed virus in their feces, and were seropositive to HAV by 60 days after inoculation. Eight of the ten postinoculation biopsy specimens had histologic lesions compatible with acute viral hepatitis. We conclude that the owl monkey is a useful and valuable model for the study of HAV disease.
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PMID:Induced oral infection of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) with hepatitis A virus. 358 3

Increased alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) serum levels are usually considered expressions of cellular necrosis, especially in hepatocytes. They represent cellular damage due to burn which, according to many authors, becomes normal before discharge of patients. We studied 43 consecutive burned patients, both during and after recovery, from a minimum of 120 to a maximum of 640 days, and an average of 18.62 blood samples were taken from each patient. Hepatitis A and B markers were tested. Results showed a 67.44% increase in aminotransferases in patients during recovery and a 25.58% increase after discharge. No neopositivity was observed for hepatitis A and B markers. We therefore conclude that the increase of enzymes during recovery expresses a toxic-infective phase and this increase, contrary to what was believed, does not always drop to normal values at time of discharge. Instead, after discharge, higher values can be a manifestation of a Non-A Non-B hepatitis.
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PMID:Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels in burned patients: a long-term study. 361 54

1000 consecutive blood donors had their liver functions studied. 110 donors (11%) were found to have raised ALT of more than twice normal levels. 29 donors had liver biopsies done. Histologically 23 had fatty change, 5 had chronic persistent hepatitis and 1 had liver cirrhosis. Fourteen out of the 23 donors with fatty change also had hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Viral serology of the 110 donors showed that 3 donors were HBsAg positive, 5 donors were Anti-HAV (IgM) positive and 20 donors were Anti-HBc (IgM) positive. Majority of donors with raised ALT had fatty liver on biopsy with only 6 donors having significant findings of chronic persistent hepatitis and cirrhosis. Serologically, most of the donors (74.5%) with raised ALT had no markers of Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, CMV or EBV. An interesting finding is the high incidence (18%) of positive, Anti HBc (IgM) in donors with raised ALT.
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PMID:Liver disease in blood donors with raised transaminases. 375 95

The evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test designed to detect antigens of hepatitis non A, non B (HNANB) revealed that a rheumatoid factor (RF)-like reaction was interfering. This RF-like reaction was not detectable by routine screening methods for RF, such as latex agglutination or the Waaler Rose test. Testing of sequential sera of chimpanzees with acute HNANB showed that this RF-like reaction was present in the acute phase of HNANB simultaneously with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations. Characterization of this RF-like reaction revealed the presence of an IgM antibody against human IgG that banded in CsCl at 1.3 g/ml and at 19S in sucrose gradients. Absorption with IgG-coated latex particles and anti-human IgM gave further evidence of an RF. By testing sera of patients with different forms of acute viral hepatitis, it was demonstrated that an RF-like factor was also present in seven sera from 9 patients with acute hepatitis A, in two sera from 11 patients with hepatitis B, and seven sera from 11 patients with acute HNANB. The rise of RF in the acute phase of hepatitis A may be an effect of polyclonal stimulation of IgM producing B lymphocytes. The high prevalence of RF in HNANB remains unclear as no polyclonal stimulation of IgM has been observed.
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PMID:Demonstration of a transient rheumatoid factor in the acute phase of hepatitis non A, non B. 392 Mar 53

Sixty-nine consecutive patients with acute type A hepatitis were followed-up to establish the natural history of the disease. Illicit drug abusers were not included in this study. 19% (13/69) of the patients at 6th month, and 6% (4/69) at 12th month showed aminotransferase (ALT) values at least two folds the upper levels. The histological examinations performed in 5 of these cases suggest that persistence of abnormal ALT levels may be related to a misdiagnosed chronic liver disease preexisting the acute type A hepatitis. Three of the 69 patients had a relapsing hepatitis with two peaks of serum ALT 6-8 weeks apart. The illness resolved uneventfully in all these patients. The exclusion of exposure to liver toxins such as alcohol or drugs, as well as other known hepatitis virus infection in these cases, suggests that the two distinct episodes of hepatitis could be the result of the sequential infection of hepatitis A and non-A, non-B viruses.
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PMID:Prolonged course and relapses of acute type A hepatitis. 608 49

Serial passage of the MS-1 strain hepatitis A virus (HAV) in marmosets was shown to increase the yield of virus and to shorten the incubation period from approximately 55 days in the first passage to 3-7 days in the ninth and higher passages. Intravenous inoculation of susceptible chimpanzees with MS-1 HAV was found to result in a typical course of disease in two animals who had received eighth marmoset-passage virus, including the occurrence of elevated ALT activity, presence of HAV antigen in liver and stool, and seroconversion to anti-HAV. Two chimpanzees inoculated with 20th passage MS-1 HAV (M001 liver homogenate) exhibited normal or nearly normal ALT activity and had no demonstrable or significant HAV in weekly liver biopsy specimens or in serial stool suspensions obtained during 64 days of observation. However, both animals seroconverted to anti-HAV within 2 weeks after inoculation, as did the animals who had received eighth passage MS-1 HAV. These findings suggest that subpassage of the MS-1 strain of HAV in marmosets resulted in the generation of an attenuated virus strain that was still capable of inducing a vigorous antibody response in intravenously infected chimpanzees. Serial propagation of wild and attenuated strains of HAV (HAS-15 and MS-1/M001, respectively) in FRhK-4 cells was associated with a significant decrease in the growth period for both viruses. Our studies have also shown that HAS-15 HAV can be recovered in maximum yield in later passages as early as 2 to 3 days after inoculation.
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PMID:Hepatitis A virus: growth characteristics of in vivo and in vitro propagated wild and attenuated virus strains. 609 5


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