Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sera of 480 hospitalized hepatitis patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) and anti-HAV of IgM-class. Serological markers indicating hepatitis A infection were found in 107 (22.3%) and markers indicating hepatitis B in 297 patients (61.9%), while 63 patients (13.1%) were classified as hepatitis type "non-A, non-B". The latter group mainly comprised drug addicts (50.8%), cases of post-transfusion hepatitis (11.1%) and patients without obvious hepatitis exposure (28.6%). In spite of these epidemiological similarities to hepatitis B, the maximum levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were comparable to those in patients with hepatitis A and significantly lower than in hepatitis B infection. Chronic hepatitis developed in 7.1% of the "non-A, non-B" patients, a figure close to that reported for hepatitis B.
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PMID:Clinical, epidemiological and prognostic aspects of hepatitis "non-A, non-B"--a comparison with hepatitis A and B. 11 11

A consecutive series of 115 patients hospitalized with acute viral hepatitis in Copenhagen was studied for serological markers for hepatitis A and B virus. Thirty-nine patients had type B, 66 had type A, 3 had both type A and B, and 7 had type non-A non-B. Of the patients 81% were between 15 and 40 years of age, and there was a dominance of males due to an overrepresentation of homosexual males (30%) in both the A and B group. The main type of exposure to hepatitis type A was travel to foreign countries (53%), and for type B it was drug addiction (41%). In types A and B the duration of jaundice was positively correlated to the age of the patients but did not vary with sex or type of exposure. There was no difference in maximum alanine aminotransferase levels between the groups, but maximum bilirubin levels were lower for the type A group. Patients with hepatitis type A had a higher level of IgM than those with type B and with type non-A and non-B. We conclude that both clinically acute hepatitis type A and type B occur mainly in young adults and that foreign travel, drug addiction, and homosexuality increase the risk of getting acute hepatitis.
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PMID:Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute hepatitis types A, B, and non-A non-B. 12 1

To define more completely the period of fecal excretion of virus during hepatitis A virus infection, we studied 24 fecal samples from six children with clinical illness during an epidemic of type A hepatitis. As determined by immune electron microscopy, the six patients had detectable viral excretion before or by the time of the first abnormality in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase). Viral excretion reached a peak early and declined to undetectable levels before levels of serum enzyme reached a peak. These data accord with epidemiologic evidence that the person who already has symptoms and signs of type A hepatitis is unlikely to transmit the infection to others. Immune electron microscopy, therefore, may be a better index to the period of communicability than studies of experimental infection in human subjects. This conclusion would imply that precautions against fecal contamination are not usually necessary for patients hospitalized with type A hepatitis.
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PMID:Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in humans. 19 99

Hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was demonstrated by immunofluorescence (IF) in liver biopsies from chimpanzees with experimental hepatitis A virus infection. Blocking experiments with paired sera from patients with hepatitis types A, B, or non-A, non-B, as well as with purified HA Ag, showed that the fluorescence was specific for HA Ag. HA Ag could be demonstrated only in biopsies from chimpanzees inoculated with hepatitis A virus. In two of four chimpanzees biopsied weekly, HA Ag could be detected by IF before stool shedding of HA Ag, elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), or histopathological evidence of liver disease was seen. The HA Ag was detected for 4 to 5 weeks; the last IF-positive biopsy was obtained after SGPT activity had returned to normal. In the two other chimpanzees, HA Ag could be detected only in the biopsy taken at the time of SGPT elevation. In the early IF-positive biopsies, HA Ag was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of many cells, but it later accumulated in a focal distribution in the cytoplasm of a few of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. This cytoplasmic distribution agrees with previous electron microscopic data.
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PMID:Detection of hepatitis A antigen by immunofluorescence. 20 May 65

An epidemic of viral hepatitis beginning in late 1975 in a residence for multiply handicapped children, recognized very early in its course, was investigated prospectively to permit comparison of enzymatic and serologic tests. Thirty-three residents of the institution and 46 full- and part-time employees were studied by the immune adherence hemagglutination procedure for antibody (anti-HAV) to hepatitis A virus (HAV). Of these, 31 residents and 37 staff members were susceptible at the beginning of the epidemic. Nineteen and six, respectively, had anti-HAV seroconversion indicating HAV infection. Thus, 12 children (39%) and 31 staff members (81%) of presumed susceptibles did not have serologic evidence of infection. The subclinical/clinical ratio for the children was 1.1:1; for personnel, it was 1:1. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compatible with viral hepatitis occurred in 21 persons (84%) who had anti-HAV seroconversion; conversely, there were 10 persons who had ALT abnormality without detectable anti-HAV in late specimens among the total of 68 susceptibles. There was no evidence the latter could be attributed to hepatitis B virus infection; therefore, they may represent the endemic occurrence of non-A, non-B agent(s).
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PMID:Viral hepatitis: enzyme assays and serologic procedures in the study of an epidemic. 20 Nov 70

Twelve marmosets (Saguinus mystax) were inoculated intravenously (iv) with hepatitis A virus (HAV). One died early (day 12); seven were sacrificed at the time of elevation in level of alanine aminotransferase (serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase), and four without elevation were not sacrificed but seroconverted. In the seven marmosets sacrificed during the acute stage of illness, hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was detected in the liver by immunofluorescence in all cases, by immune electron microscopy in four, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in three. The HA Ag appeared by immunofluorescence as very fine granules in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. The HA Ag could not be detected by immunofluorescence in biopsy specimens taken from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, or transverse colon in any of eight marmosets in which necropsy was performed during the acute or preacute stage of illness. These findings suggest that the gut is not involved during the acute phase of HAV infection following iv inoculation into marmosets. The ELISA results showed that only three of 12 marmoset livers obtained during the acute phase of HAV infection could be used as an antigen source in serologic testing for antibody to HA Ag. Thus, marmoset livers were no better as a source of HA Ag than acute-phase stools from patients with type A hepatitis.
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PMID:Localization of hepatitis A antigen in marmoset organs during acute infection with hepatitis A virus. 21 88

Infectious sera from three humans with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis, whose blood or serum had transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis both to other humans and to experimentally inoculated chimpanzees, were inoculated into five marmosets. A sixth uninoculated marmoset served as a control. No elevations in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase or isocitric dehydrogenase occurred in serum samples obtained weekly from any of the marmosets during three months following inoculation. This study indicates that certain species of marmoset, which are susceptible to and provide well-documented animal models for hepatitis A and GB-agent hepatitis, do not appear to be susceptible to the agent(s) of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. In addition, this study suggests that the agent(s) of human non-A, non-B hepatitis and the GB agent are probably different.
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PMID:Lack of susceptibility of marmosets to human non-A, non-B hepatitis. 23 Oct 72

A study of the hepatic effects of Gravistat on 240 women is presented. 200 of the women had previously used either Ovosiston or Non-Ovlon continually for an average of 5.6 years, while the remaining 40 had used no hormonal contraceptives for the preceeding 3 months. After 3 weeks of Gravistat use, GOT, GPT, LP-X, and cholesterol levels were taken. 1/4 of the women in both groups showed pathological serum transaminase levels, and the cholesterol levels in both groups were within normal levels. 10 of the women who had previously used hormonal contraceptives, and none from the other group, showed a positive LP-X. A hepatological examination, including a liver biopsy, was performed on 30 of the women with pathological transaminase levels and/or positive LP-X. Pathological conditions (toxic hepatosis, infectious hepatitis, fatty liver) were found in 11 of those cases, while the rest showed metabolic activation. Intrahepatic cholestasis does not seem to be the major factor in the liver damage.
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PMID:[Incidence of toxic liver lesions due to Gravistat]. 64 55

Almost all members of an affected family (46 persons) were followed up for a year after contracting hepatitis A during an epidemic in a rural area. Sixteen children, one juvenile and a 42-year-old woman had been infected. A mild subclinical course was present in about a third. All but one person in the studied population who were over 25 years had antibody titres from an earlier hepatitis A infection. As result, those who fell ill were almost exclusively children and juveniles with an average age of 15 years. Contagion rate within the family was 56.7% for those not immunised. Antibodies against hepatitis A virus of the IgG class rose in the majority of patients between the sixth and twelfth month of the infection. There was a significant correlation between the titre after one year and maximal GPT and bilirubin levels in the acute phase of the illness.
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PMID:[Epidemiology, clinical data and immune response of an epidemic of hepatitis A (author's transl)]. 71 Mar 4

Serum biochemical parameters were studied in 42 healthy wild-caught adult tamarins (S. mystax), males and females, to determine the normal values. Blood samples were drawn repeatedly, and the serum was tested for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, isocitric dehydrogenase, serum glucose, serum urea, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. The results indicated that serum chemistry values were similar to those reported as normal for both humans and other Callitrichidae species. The study of serum biochemical parameters in tamarins with experimental hepatitis A indicated that serum enzyme activities alone reflected the hepatic damage, while other biochemical parameters were of no real clinical importance. The experimental results showed the levels of serum urea to be indicative of the pathological involvement of the kidneys in experimental hepatitis A in some cases.
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PMID:[The biochemical indices of the blood serum in experimental hepatitis A in tamarins]. 132 56


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