Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine hepatic diseases in obese children, biochemically and histologically, 11 obese patients with abnormal serum transaminase activities were subjected to this study. Fat accumulation in the liver was semiquantitatively graded, and histologically the 11 patients were classified into four groups; fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, fatty fibrosis and fatty cirrhosis. All patients had fat deposition in liver specimens, the grade of which did not significantly correlate with the degree of obesity. The grade of fat deposition in the liver specimens also did not significantly correlate with either serum transaminase activities or GOT/GPT ratio. Five patients were grouped into the fatty liver group, three into the fatty hepatitis group, and the remaining three patients into the fatty fibrosis group. However, no significant differences were found among the three histologically classified groups in terms of serum transaminase activities or GOT/GPT ratio. The usefulness of serum transaminase activities and GOT/GPT ratio was limited in predicting the severity of fat deposition or histological abnormality in pediatric obese patients.
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PMID:The relationship between serum transaminase activities and fatty liver in children with simple obesity. 853 91

Asymptomatic patients with abnormal results on liver function test pose a diagnostic challenge. In general, determinations of routinely ordered tests of liver function are neither sensitive nor specific for liver disease. Fatty liver, alcohol-related liver damage and chronic viral hepatitis are the most common causes of abnormal liver function test results in asymptomatic patients. Causes of asymptomatic liver disease include hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, drug toxicity, chronic autoimmune hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and sarcoidosis. The most efficient screening tests for liver damage are alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Repeat testing when results are abnormal, and use of ancillary tests, such as creatine phosphokinase or gamma-glutamyl-transferase, may confirm liver damage. Imaging studies help exclude biliary obstruction or neoplasm. Treatable illnesses should be ruled out. Three to six months of observation for progressive symptoms and liver dysfunction may follow. After the period of observation, further laboratory tests, a diagnostic liver biopsy and/or referral to gastroenterologist may be needed.
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PMID:Evaluating asymptomatic patients with abnormal liver function test results. 862 23

Non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by elevated serum aminotransferase activities with hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and occasionally fibrosis that may progress to cirrhosis. No established treatment exists for this potentially serious disorder. Our aim was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the safety and estimate the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and clofibrate in the treatment of NASH. Forty patients were diagnosed with NASH based on a compatible liver biopsy with other causes of liver disease, including alcohol abuse, excluded by history, serum tests, and use of ultrasound. Twenty-four patients received 13 to 15 mg/kg/d of UDCA for 12 months. Sixteen patients with hypertriglyceridemia were placed on clofibrate, 2 g/day for 12 months. Twenty-five women and 15 men entered the study. Six of 40 patients (15%) withdrew because of side effects. Four additional patients were withdrawn because of noncompliance; one of them later required liver transplantation. In the UDCA group, the decreases in mean serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) as well as histological grade of steatosis were significant. Among the patients treated with clofibrate, no change from baseline was found in mean ALT, aspartate transaminase (AST), GGT, bilirubin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, or in histological grade of steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis after 12 months of treatment as compared with entry. Alkaline phosphatase activities decreased significantly from baseline. Despite the known lipid-lowering effects of clofibrate, it did not appear to be of clinical benefit in the treatment of NASH in this 1-year pilot study. However, treatment of NASH with UDCA for 12 months resulted in significant improvement in alkaline phosphatase, ALT, GGT, and hepatic steatosis. The possible benefit of UDCA therapy should be further investigated in the context of a randomized, controlled trial.
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PMID:Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study. 867 65

The aim of this study was to evaluate selected diagnostic and clinical aspects of chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) in the group of 80 patients: 68 males aged 24-65 (mean 39.8 +/- 10,5) and 12 females aged 35-66 (mean 48.7 +/- 12.6). The epidemiological data allowed to divide the basic group into 3 subgroups: patients with transfusion-associated CH-C (subgroup I: 12 males, mean age 38 +/- 6.7 and 2 females aged 40 and 46), CH-C patients with parenteral hepatitis C virus exposure-other than blood transfusion (subgroup II: 25 males, mean age 40.6 +/- 8.2 and 5 females aged 43 +/- 15.1) and sporadic cases with unknown HCV exposure (subgroup III: 31 males, mean age 38.2 +/- 11.2 and 5 females, mean age 50.5 +/- 10.3). The duration of the disease (CH-C) was calculated from the incident of acute viral hepatitis or the first signs of liver damage caused by HCV to the confirmation of CH-C by liver biopsy. The following data were analyzed: a frequency of acute viral hepatitis with jaundice at the beginning of the disease, ALT flare-ups, mean highest activities of ALP and GGT, frequency of hypergammaglobulinaemia and sings of fatty liver in ultrasonographic finding (USG). In all patients but one anti-HCV antibodies (ELISA 2nd generation test by Abbott) were detected. In 64/80 subjects antibodies to HCV antigens: 5-1-1, C 100-3, C 33c and C 22 were determined by RIBA-2 test (Ortho). In 62/80 patients HCV-RNA in serum was determined by RT PCR. Liver biopsy was performed in 71/80 patients. Other co-existent liver diseases were excluded. The similarity between 3 subgroups was shown: similar percentage of males and females, similar patients mean age and the duration of the disease. It was shown that the acute beginning of the disease with jaundice has been observed twice as frequent in subgroups I and II compared with subgroup III. The same frequency of ALT flare-ups in all subgroups was observed (25-28.6%). No differences in mean highest ALP and GGT activities in 3 subgroups were observed. It was shown, however, that hypergammaglobulinaemia was detected more frequently in subgroup III (30.5%) compared with subgroup I (7.1%) and II (16.7%). The signs of fatty liver in ultrasonographic findings were also observed more frequently in subgroup III (30.5%) than in subgroup I (14.3%) or II (16.7%). In all patient but one, in which anti-HCV antibodies by ELISA test were detected, anti-C 33c and anti-C 22 antibodies by RIBA were present. HCV-RNA in serum was detected in 77.8% subjects from subgroup I. 73.9%-from subgroup II and 66.7%-from subgroup III. In all HCV-RNA positive patients anti-HCV antibodies were detected. The evidence of chronic active hepatitis confirmed by liver biopsy was shown in 63.6%, 67.8% and 71.8% of patients from subgroup I, II and III, respectively. In no case normal liver morphology was present. Authors concluded the distressing fact of the high incidence of chronic active hepatitis in patients unaware of HCV infection, without the incident of acute hepatitis at the beginning of the disease (over 1/3 of all described subjects). The differences of the clinical course of the disease between subgroups 1 + II and subgroup III suggest two different routes of HCV infection or the presence of two different HCV mutants in Polish population. Authors emphasise the necessity of HCV gene typing in CH-C patients, which might explain the surprisingly high incidence of chronic active hepatitis in the reported group. The use of the presented data for the general practitcioner making the diagnosis of crytogenetic liver disease is also accentuated.
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PMID:[Selected diagnostic and clinical aspects of chronic viral hepatitis type C]. 875 40

We have evaluated the diagnostic efficacies of ultrasonography and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody measurement to differentiate pathogenesis of liver dysfunction in the asymptomatic adults with elevated ALT value. Among 4256 visitors to PL Tokyo Health Control Center for their health examination, 463 cases (11%) showed abnormal liver function including elevation of ALT value. Ultrasonography and HCV antibody measurement using the second generation reagent had been applied to 362 cases in order to screen the etiology of liver dysfunction. The ultrasonography succeeded to establish the diagnosis of fatty liver in 137 cases (38%) and 41 cases (11%) demonstrated positive HCV antibody. There were 4 cases with positive HBs antigen, however, it was found that their abnormal liver function was attributed to other etiology such as fatty liver and alcoholic liver dysfunction rather than chronic type B hepatitis. HCV antibody-positive cases showed higher levels of total protein, ZTT, AST, ALT, and lower levels of albumin, A/G, total cholesterol, triglyceride, gamma-GT and cholinesterase value than other cases. HCV antibody titers were not correlated to hepatic parenchymal damage estimated by ALT or cholinesterase value. Only a little correlation was observed between HCV antibody titers and HCV-RNA amounts determined by the competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. These results indicate sufficient diagnostic efficacies of ultrasonography and HCV antibody measurement for a pathogenesis differentiation in the asymptomatic patients with liver dysfunction, and these examinations should be employed as the first-step screening tests for the etiology determination of liver diseases in the primary care medicine.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis-screening tests for liver dysfunction in the asymptomatic patients with elevated ALT values and their diagnostic efficacies in primary care medicine]. 885 69

This study elucidated the effect of taurine on fatty liver in simple obesity. Taurine was orally administered to 10 children with fatty liver. During taurine administration, the CT numbers of the liver, which were low in the beginning, increased. Serum ALT levels were improved, especially in those children whose weight was well controlled. Even in those who failed in weight control, serum ALT levels were slightly recovered. Ratios of glycine/taurine-conjugated bile acids were decreased. Thus, taurine was effective in treating fatty liver of children with simple obesity regardless of the success/failure of weight control. Taurine administration is considered to be helpful as an adjuvant therapy for fatty liver.
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PMID:Effect of taurine on the fatty liver of children with simple obesity. 891 1

This study was aimed at finding out whether weight reduction alone can improve liver function in obese patients with fatty liver. We did a longitudinal, clinical intervention study on weight reduction by behavior modification, diet and exercise. The study subjects were 25 patients referred to an obesity clinic in whom obesity is the sole factor causing abnormal liver function and fatty liver. Patients were weighed about one year later. We compared the degree of improvement in hepatic function between Group I that showed weight reduction and Group II that showed no-weight reduction. Group I (13) showed dramatic improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, nearly all down to within normal levels. AST showed statistically significant improvement from 74 +/- 36 IU/l to 25 +/- 7 IU/l. ALT also showed statistically significant improvement from 109 +/- 67 IU/l to 30 +/- 14 IU/l. Group II (12) showed higher AST and ALT levels on follow-up visit than initial visit. AST showed statistically significant elevation from 43 +/- 11 IU/l to 59 +/- 23 IU/l. ALT also showed statistically significant elevation from 64 +/- 21 IU/l to 97 +/- 33 IU/l. If we can rule the other causes of hepatic abnormalities in obese patients with fatty liver, we suggest these patients would benefit by weight reduction.
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PMID:Effect of weight control on hepatic abnormalities in obese patients with fatty liver. 892 25

To confirm the significance of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test for the diagnosis of fatty liver and to clarify the relationship between serum ALT activity and the duration of obesity, we analysed 310 obese young school children (195M, 115F), who were classified into three duration groups (1-3 y, 4-6 y, 7 + y), three age groups (6-7 y, 8-9 y, 10-11 y), and four obesity groups (weight excess: mild, 20-29%; moderate, 30-39%; severe, 40-49%; very severe, 50%). Seventy-seven patients with abnormal ALT test, > 30 IU/l, and 27 patients with normal ALT test were examined by ultrasound study to identify the fatty-fibrotic pattern of the liver. Abnormal results of the serum ALT test were found in 24% of all patients. The fatty-fibrotic pattern was identified in 64/77 (83%) patients with abnormal ALT test and in 5/27 (18%) patients with normal ALT test. The serum ALT test has a sensitivity of 0.92 for detecting the fatty-fibrotic pattern proven by ultrasound study. Frequencies of cases with abnormal serum ALT levels increased with the duration of obesity. In the shortest duration group, however, the frequencies of abnormal results in serum ALT test did not increase with advanced ages or the grades of obesity. In conclusion, the present study confirmed the usefulness of the serum ALT test for screening fatty liver, and showed that a longer duration of obesity is generally associated with the occurrence of fatty liver in a paediatric obese population. In young patients with mild obesity or a short duration of obesity, however, fatty liver or fatty fibrosis may develop. Early intervention should be made in the case of obese children.
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PMID:Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in obese children. 909 10

To examine the effect of weight changes on serum transaminase activities, glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminases (GOT/GPT), a 3-month observation of 110 obese outpatients treated by a mild regimen for obesity was carried out. Patients were divided into two major groups, group I (n = 73) and group II (n = 37), with or without persistent elevation of serum GOT/GPT (> 30 IU/L), and retrospectively classified into four subgroups according to weight changes: group A, weight loss > 5%; group B, weight loss of < 5%; group C, an increase of < 5%; group D, an increase > 5%. In group IA, the incidence of cases with normalization of serum GOT/GPT was 70% and was significantly greater than those of the other three subgroups, respectively (P < 0.01). The incidences of decreased serum GOT/GPT activities were observed corresponding to the degree of weight changes not only in group I (100-27%) but also in group II (100-33%). These facts indicate that a mild regimen for obese outpatients for 3 months, significantly improves serum transaminase activities in patients not only with weight reduction but also weight gain, and that fatty liver may be present even in obese children with normal serum transaminase levels. The normalization of serum GPT activity in patients with weight gain suggests the presence of another factor contributing hypertransaminasemia in pediatric obese patients.
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PMID:Effect of weight changes on serum transaminase activities in obese children. 914 Dec 56

Differences in behavior among the chlorides of seven rare earth elements (REEs)-yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and praseodymium (Pr) (light REEs); europium (Eu) and dysprosium (Dy) (medium REEs); ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu) (heavy REEs)-were investigated through intravenous administration of the REEs to rats. (1) Distributions of REEs and mineral concentrations in the organs on Day 1 were investigated at low and high doses (9-10 and 18-20 mg REE/kg, or 56-66 and 112-132 mumol REE/kg). More than 78% of the REEs administered was distributed into liver, bone, and spleen. High doses of Y, Eu, and Dy markedly increased the accumulation of REEs in spleen and lungs as well as the concentration of Ca in liver, spleen, and lungs. (2) The distribution patterns of REEs and changes in Ca concentrations in major organs over time were investigated by the administration of Pr, Eu, Dy, Yb (low dose), and Y (high dose). REEs disappeared from the blood within 1 day but were retained in the organs for a long time. The percentages of the doses of Y, Eu, Dy, and Yb found in the liver were highest at 8 hr to 2 days, then decreased gradually; hepatic Pr levels, however, remained high. Changes in Ca concentrations in liver, spleen, and lungs were in accordance with those of REEs. (3) Severe hepatotoxicity was observed after administration of Ce and Pr; fatty liver, jaundice, and elevated serum GOT and GPT levels were most prominent on Day 3. Therefore, we hypothesized that REE chlorides might be categorized into three groups according to their ionic radii (light REEs, Y and medium REEs, and heavy REEs) and from their behavior, i.e., distribution pattern, Ca-accumulating action, and hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Differences in behavior among the chlorides of seven rare earth elements administered intravenously to rats. 924 83


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