Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty calves were infected with 1000 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, the activities of 10 enzymes in plasma or serum were assayed and concentrations in serum of proteins, urea and bilirubin were determined. These values were compared with control data obtained from 14 uninfected calves. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities increased in infected calves. Total serum protein increased, albumin decreased, globulin increased and the albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in infected calves. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activities and serum concentration of urea and bilirubin were unaffected. It was concluded that glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were the most sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in fascioliasis.
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PMID:Biochemical indicators of liver injury in calves with experimental fascioliasis. 83 11

The present study was conducted on 14 patients with established fascioliasis. The effect of infection on the haematological and biochemical parameters was determined and the liver and gall bladder were studied by ultrasonography. Bithionol was given in the dose of 30 mg kg-1 body weight every other day for 5 doses. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by egg and eosinophilic counts and quantitative estimation of antibody titres by indirect haemagglutination test. Results revealed that fascioliasis caused normocytic hypochromic anaemia and eosinophilia. Serum bilirubin, ALT and AST were within normal range. Ultrasonography showed a normal echogenic pattern of the liver and gall bladder. One case showed thickness of the gall bladder wall which was tender under the transiducer. Fasciola eggs disappeared completely after the 5th dose giving a cure rate of 100%. Antibody titres reached a normal level at the end of the 3rd month post treatment. Bithionol proved to be a potent fasciolicidal drug with minimal side-effects.
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PMID:Human fascioliasis in Egypt: effect of infection and efficacy of bithionol treatment. 194 12

The antihepatotoxic properties of uridine-diphosphoglucose (UDPG, Toxepasi) have been evaluated in a well-established model of liver damage, the liver fluke infection (experimental fascioliasis in the rat), which causes a dramatic loss of the microsomal drug-metabolizing monooxygenase (MFO) and glucuronosyltransferase (GT) enzyme systems as a consequence of peroxidative damage to microsomal membrane lipids. Administration of 100 mg/kg UDPG i.p. to the infested rat for the entire course of the infection (40 days) positively affects the parameters reflecting the integrity of the liver cell (serum glutamate-pyruvate, GPT and glutamate-oxaloacetate, GOT, transaminases) and the detoxifying capacity of the liver (cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P-450-dependent p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities, and the p-nitrophenol glucuronidation) and greatly reduces the lipid peroxidative phenomen in membranes from whole liver (tissue malonic dialdehyde content) and in membranes of the microsomal fraction (conjugated diene absorption). As a consequence of this, the total lipid and phospholipid contents of the liver are restored, there is minimal loss of latency of GT enzyme(s), cytochrome P-450 conversion to cytochrome P-420 is fairly negligible and total liver glutathione content is also restored. Therefore, UDPG restores liver function by protecting the endoplasmic reticulum membranes from the oxidative stress resulting from activation of the CN-insensitive respiratory burst of the phagocytic cells consequent to Fasciola hepatica invasion, migration and growth. It is very likely that UDPG acts as an effective antilipoperoxidative agent through both direct (as demonstrated by our in vitro experiments) and indirect mechanisms (stimulation of the glycolytic pathway, and hence of the reducing equivalents----glutathione----vitamin E supply).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antihepatotoxic properties of uridine-diphosphoglucose in liver fluke infection. Experimental fascioliasis in the rat. 211 87

Human fascioliasis is increasing in the Nile Delta particularly in Dakahlia Governorate, where it reached 7.47%. In this study, the tetrad of fascioliasis was established as high eosinophilia (100%), fever (85.6%), painful hepatomegaly (81.93%) and anaemia (100%). The laboratory results showed ESR accelerated in 87%, ALT elevated in 21.5%, AST elevated in 21.9%, S. bilirubin elevated in 16.5%, gamma GT elevated in 80.6%, and SAP elevated in 76.4%. Abdominal ultrasonography showed variable findings, as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, periportal fibrosis, thickened wall of gall bladder, dilated common bile duct, dilated biliary radicals (partial), dilated common bile duct and biliary radicals (total), Fasciola worms in gall bladder, Fasciola worms in common bile duct, stones in gall bladder, stones in bile duct, cystic lesions in the liver, local lesions in the liver and ascitis. The highest was hepatomegaly in 81.93% of fascioliasis patients and the lowest was biliary dilated radicles (partial) in 0.26%.
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PMID:Clinico-epidemiological study of human fascioliasis in an endemic focus in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. 1177 99

Fascioliasis is a cause of hepatic disease. Hepatitis B and C viruses are important causative factors in chronic liver disease. In this study, the frequency of hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C (HCV) in cases of chronic human fascioliasis is studied. Egg count, indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT), haemoglobin level, total leucocyte and eosinophil counts, serum bilirubin, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) are performed. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), arylsulphatase (ASA) and lipid peroxide levels are determined. Results showed that levels of the latter group of enzymes were increased significantly in cases of chronic fascioliasis. Therefore, determination of GGT, ASA and lipid peroxide should be added to the list of liver function test used to diagnose this disease. Hepatitis B was not detected in any of the 27 chronic fascioliasis patients studied, while HCV was found in only two (7%) cases. However, greater disturbance of biochemical parameters was seen in patients with combined fascioliasis and HCV infection.
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PMID:Human chronic fascioliasis: a possible cause of unexplained abnormal liver tests. 1564 15

This study was conducted to assess cholestasis in human fascioliasis. Twenty five patients, passing Fasciola eggs, were compared to twenty age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All were subjected to thorough clinical examination, stool analysis, complete blood picture, liver function tests (AST, ALT, SAP, GGT and total serum bilirubin). Autoimmune and viral hepatitis (HCV & HBV) were excluded. All cases were subjected to radiological examinations (chest x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography). The study revealed significant elevation of liver enzymes in the patients compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Calcular and non-calcular cholecystitis were common findings among patients (32% and 24% respectively). Ascites (4%) and dilated intra-hepatic biliary radicals (32%) were encountered; pleural effusion was detected by chest x-ray in 20% of cases. So, fascioliasis should be considered in the diagnosis of cholestasis in Fasciola endemic areas.
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PMID:Cholestasis in human fascioliasis in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. 1588 Sep 97

In this study, twenty HCV/PCR-RNA positive patients with neither infection nor infestation were 15 males and five females with ages ranging between 17-78 years old. Liver function tests: S. albumin was decreased in 15 patients (75%), total protein decreased in 3 patients (15%), total bilirubin increased in 7 patients (35%), AST/ALT increased in 3 patients (15%). Globulin value increased in 15 patients (75%). A/G ratio decreased in 12 (60%). Ten normal individuals (five males & five females), gave normal findings. However, a 19 years-old female had non significant elevation (0.26 mg/dl) in direct bilirubin. Liver function tests: one patient had increased AST/ALT, Globulin value decreesed (-0.2) in another one (10%) and A/G ratio increased (+0.3 to +0.6) in three (30%) individuals. Twenty randomly selected patients (15 males and five females) HCV/3rd generation ELISA showed ALT elevation in 17 (85%), AST in all (100%), S. albumin decreased in 9 (45%), and increased in 1 (5%). Total protein decreased in 3 (15%), total bilirubin increased in 7 (35%) and direct bilirubin in 4 (20%), AST/ALT value increased in 3 patients (15%), Globulin value increased in 15 patients (75%). A/G ratio decreased in 12 (60%). Three patients had schistosomiasis, one 30 years old male had increased AST/ALT, normal globulin, increased A/G and positive HBs-Ag. The second one was a 33-year-old male had normal AST/ALT, normal globulin, increased A/G and positive HBs-Ag. The third patient was a 19-year-old female with normal AST/ALT and normal globulin, increased A/G and positive HBs-Ag. Two patients had fascioliasis, one was a 20-year-old male with increased AST/ALT, globulin normal, A/G normal and negative HBs-Ag. The second one was a 26-year-old female with normal AST/ALT and normal globulin, increased A/G and positive HBs-Ag. The other four positive HBs-Ag patients were parasite-free. Also, the other HCV/ELISA positive were negative for HBs-Ag. HCV/ELISA may have cross-reacted with HBs-Ag and/or with elevated ALT and gave false positive HCV. The 3rd generation ELISA in detection of HCV was not as sensitive as PCR/RNA. Out of 41 fascioliasis patients (26 males & 15 females), 14 were positive HCV/ELISA (34.1%), but only six were positive HCV/PCR (14.6%). ALT increased in 18 fascioliasis patients (43.9%), AST in 23 patients (56.1%) but, albumin decreased in 7 patients (17.1%), total protein decreased in 5 (12.2%), but total bilirubin increased in 14 (34.1%) and direct bilirubin increased in 2 (4.9%). Liver function tests of 14 fascioliasis and ELISA positive HCV showed AST/ALT increased in 6 (42.9%), globulin increased in 3 (21.4%) and decreased in 6 (42.8%). A/G decreased in 4 (28.6%) and increased in 8 (57.2%). Liver function tests of pure 27 fascioliasis patients showed that AST /ALT increased in 8 (29.6%), globulin increased in one patient (3.7%) but decreased in 10 (37.0%) and A/G ratio increased in 13 (48.1%).
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PMID:The liver profile in patients with hepatitis C virus and/or fascioliasis. 1692 59

Fasciolosis is recognized as an important human disease. Wistar rats experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica were examined using data obtained in the advanced chronic state of the disease (200, 300 and 400 days post-infection, dpi). Pigment stones (PS) and bile specimens were collected. The same procedure was applied in control rats. Liver tests were determined using stored serum samples. Bacteriological bile culture revealed viable bacteria (Escherichia coli, 45% of cases, Enterococcus faecalis, 45% and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10%). The presence of bacterobilia was associated with liver serum enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and total bilirubin levels. Multivariate analysis suggested an association between bacterobilia and the following factors: duration of parasitic infection and intensity of parasitic infection supported the impression that the obstruction caused by advanced chronic fasciolosis in the rat may be related to biliary sepsis. Extrapolation to human infection in fasciolosis hyperendemic areas is discussed. In conclusion, the results of the rodent model should lead to a reconsideration of treatment features in human disease, i.e. therapeutic strategies should not only include a parasitic treatment but also consider the possibility of bacterial co-infection.
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PMID:High risk of bacterobilia in advanced experimental chronic fasciolosis. 1706 56

Zoonotic fascioliasis is a problem not only in Dakahlia Governorate, but also in other Egyptian Governorates. Two hundreds & twenty patients randomly selected with suggesting manifestations were examined for fascioliasis. A total of 23 (10.4%) were positive by Kato thick smears, of which 21 were from Kafr El-Hessah and two from Oweish El-Hager. The proven human fascioliasis was examined for anti-Fasciola antibodies by IHAT & ELISA (Fhes), haemoglobin level, eosinophils percent, serum bilirubin & liver function tests. IHAT gave 82.61% positive results (19/23), and ELISA gave 100% positive results (23/23). The clinical signs ranged between splenomegaly & ascitis in 4.34% for each up to hepatomegaly in 73.91% & mild fever in 78.26% but 2 cases were asymptomatic. Mild eosinophilia and moderate anaemia were recorded with means of 11 +/- 5.8 and 10 +/- 1.3 respectively. Mean serum bilirubin was not elevated (0.91 +/- 0.51 gm/dl). Liver function tests (AST within normal range in all cases; <40 unit/ml but one patient had ALT above normal; >45 unit/ml).
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PMID:Risk factors contributing to fascioliasis endemicity in a focus in Dakahlia Governorate 1-human host. 1838 7

The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of Fasciola hepatica infection on oxidative modifications of rat liver cell components such as proteins and lipids. Wistar rats were infected per os with 30 metacercariae of F. hepatica. Activities and concentrations of liver damage markers were determined in the 4th, 7th, and 10th week postinfection (wpi). A decrease in antioxidant capacity of the host liver, manifested by a decrease in total antioxidant status (TAS), was observed. Diminution of antioxidant abilities resulted in enhanced oxidative modifications of lipids and proteins. F. hepatica infection enhanced lipid peroxidation, which was visible in the statistically significant increase in the level of different lipid peroxidation products such as conjugated dienes (CDs), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The level of protein modification markers in the rat liver was also significantly changed and the most intensified changes were observed at seventh week postinfection. Concentration of carbonyl groups and dityrosine was significantly increased, whereas the level of tryptophan and sulfhydryl and amino groups was decreased. Changes in the antioxidant abilities of the liver and in the lipid and protein structure of the cell components resulted in destruction of the function of the liver. F. hepatica infection was accompanied by raising serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as markers of liver damage. A significant decrease in lysosomal as well as in the total activity of cathepsin B during fasciolosis was also observed.
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PMID:Oxidative Modifications of Rat Liver Cell Components During Fasciola hepatica Infection. 1969 38


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