Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of transfusion transmitted diseases (TTDs) among local blood donors, the safety offered by the four mandatory tests (for HIV, HBsAg, syphilis and malaria) and to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as a surrogate test. A total of 313 blood donors were tested for HBsAg, hepatitis B core (HBc) antibody, hepatitis C (HCV) antibody, HIV antibody, and IgM antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV-IgM). The serum alanine aminotransferase levels were also done on each unit of blood. The prevalence of various markers was 7(2.2%) for HBsAg, 57 (18.2%) for anti HBc (total), 1 (0.3%) for anti HCV, 16 (5.1%) for anti CMV. None of the donors were positive for HIV, VDRL or malaria. ALT level was raised in 16.5 per cent of donors and showed no correlation with hepatitis markers. ALT was not found to be useful as a surrogate marker for routine screening of donors. Sensitive tests like ELISA and immunofluoresence for malaria antigen should be applied for screening for malaria. VDRL test may be used to detect high risk donors rather than detection of syphilis when stored blood is used. HBsAg and HIV tests should be routinely done on every unit of blood and anti HCV tests should be done regularly, if possible.
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PMID:Effectiveness of mandatory transmissible diseases screening in Indian blood donors. 767 31

A total of 203 paediatric cancer treatment survivors were tested for serum antibodies against hepatitis-C virus (anti-HCV). Anti-HCV was detected in 41 patients (20.2%) with first generation anti-HCV ELISA. Positive results were confirmed in all samples retested with a second generation ELISA (n = 35) and in all but two cases re-analysed by immunoblotting (n = 23). Anti-HCV positive children had received significantly more blood product transfusions compared to seronegative patients. In 75 children (32%) chronic liver disease was found. It was defined as an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase values to a least 2.5 times the upper limit of normal persisting for 6 months or longer. Hepatitis A was never detected, and in 58 children the chronic hepatopathy was unexplained by hepatitis B (non-A non-B chronic liver disease). Of these patients 29 (50%) were seropositive for anti-HCV. Surprisingly, non-A/non-B chronic liver disease was associated with anti-HCV in 14 of 19 solid tumour patients (78.9%), but in no more than 14 of 39 leukaemia and lymphoma patients (35.9%). This phenomenon was not explained by different rates of cytomegalovirus disease and drug toxicity related hepatopathies between the two groups. It may be related to differences of leukaemia/lymphoma compared to solid tumour therapy schedules (differential immunosuppression and liver toxicity).
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PMID:Association of hepatitis C virus infection with chronic liver disease in paediatric cancer patients. 768 44

A national surveillance program for congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease was initiated in 1990. In 4 years 285 cases were reported without seasonal patterns. Mean birth statistics were as follows: gestational age, 36 weeks; weight, 2,224 g; length, 45 cm; and head circumference, 30 cm. Of the infants 68% had CNS involvement, which was significantly (P < .005) associated with a direct bilirubin level of > or = 3 mg/dL, petechiae, an alanine aminotransferase level of > 100 U/L, a platelet count of < or = 75,000/mm3, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly (P < .05). Maternal demographics revealed that the mean age was 23 years (range, 13-38 years), 59% were white, 33% were black, 47% had low incomes (receiving Medicaid), and 45% were primiparous. Compared with 1990 birth statistics in the United States, mothers of infants with congenital CMV disease were younger, and a greater percentage of these mothers were black. Two distinct maternal groups were identified on the basis of age, socioeconomic status, and parity. This finding may reflect different modes of transmission and suggest target populations for future CMV vaccine initiatives.
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PMID:Surveillance for congenital cytomegalovirus disease: a report from the National Congenital Cytomegalovirus Disease Registry. 775 93

A 53 year old female nurse presenting with malaise, jaundice and pruritus is reported. Physical examination only disclosed jaundice and laboratory values showed an ALT of 445 U/l, ASAT of 179 U/l, alkaline phosphatases of 455 U/l and a total bilirubin of 7.7 mg/dl. Serological markers for hepatitis virus E were positive and negative for hepatitis virus A, B and C, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus. The patient recovered fully in 10 weeks and is asymptomatic after 5 years of follow up. Health care workers probably have a higher risk for hepatitis E than the general population and this is the first acute sporadic case described in Chile.
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PMID:[Acute sporadic hepatitis caused by the E virus in Chile. Clinical case]. 806 47

A 27-yr-old Jamaican male presented with a 2-month history of jaundice, pruritus, intermittent diarrhea, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Over the next month, his abdominal pain and diarrhea improved, but his jaundice and pruritus worsened. He was afebrile and profoundly jaundice, with a benign abdominal examination. Medical workup included a normal abdominal ultrasound, iron studies, ceruloplasm, and serum electrophoresis. Negative viral (Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, mononucleosis, hepatitis A, B, C) studies, ANA, AMA, ASMA, RPR were noted. He denied any alcohol, drug, or toxin exposure. Liver tests revealed total bilirubin of 25.6 mg/dl, direct bilirubin of 13.9 mg/dl, alkaline phosphatase 278 IU/L, AST 45 IU/L, and ALT 71 IU/L. Liver biopsy demonstrated centrilobular zonal necrosis and cholestasis most consistent with a toxic reaction. The patient was again interviewed regarding potential toxins, and he admitted to the ingestion of ackee fruit, a native Jamaican fruit that is illegal in the United States. Shortly after he had ceased intake of the fruit, his symptoms resolved and his liver function tests returned to normal. We present a case of chronic ackee fruit ingestion that led to cholestatic jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
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PMID:Cholestatic jaundice due to ackee fruit poisoning. 807 44

It is well recognized that hepatitis recurs in virtually all patients who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation for cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C (HCV). The present report describes the biochemical and histologic findings of recurrent hepatitis in 25 such patients. One patient was found to have hepatocellular carcinoma at the time of OLT and was excluded from further analysis. All post-OLT laboratory values were reviewed. Liver biopsies were performed on protocol 6, 12, 24, and 36 months following OLT. Additional biopsies were performed as necessary to evaluate abnormalities in serum liver chemistries. A total of 104 biopsies was obtained; hepatitis consistent with recurrent HCV was present in 68 (65%). Other biopsy findings included cytomegalovirus hepatitis; acute, chronic, or resolving rejection; cholestasis with or without an underlying hepatitis; steatosis, and centrilobular necrosis. Histologic hepatitis appeared in all patients within 12 months following OLT. Despite these histologic findings, serum ALT was normal for prolonged periods in over 50% of such patients. In all cases this hepatitis was mild and did not progress over a mean follow-up of 22 months (maximum 44 months), as judged by Knodell histologic activity score (mean score: 4.0 +/- 0.3). Five patients developed cholestatic jaundice, far out of proportion to the degree of histologic hepatitis. In 2 patients this was secondary to chronic rejection. The other 3 patients had drug-induced cholestasis that resolved after various medications were discontinued. HCV did not contribute to graft dysfunction in any of the 24 patients. To date, our data suggest that post-OLT hepatitis in patients with preexisting HCV is a relatively benign process. Severe cholestatic jaundice in such patients is not secondary to HCV, and should stimulate a search for other possible causes of graft dysfunction. The long-term consequences of recurrent HCV following hepatic transplantation remain to be determined.
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PMID:Biochemical and histologic evaluation of recurrent hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. 811 36

A retrospective study was carried out in 56 patients to establish the association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) with active or inactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a possible risk factor in the development of severe liver disease. Patients with positive CMV serology and active or inactive HBV infection had elevated alanine aminotransferase activity and had a relatively high incidence of more severe lesions (chronic hepatitis and active cirrhosis). In the absence of CMV, only one case of cirrhosis was identified compared with seven cases of hepatic fibrosis. By analogy with hepatitis C virus, CMV may bring about activation of the host inflammatory response against hepatocytes following HBV infection, resulting in the development of severe hepatitic disease.
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PMID:Liver pathology in cytomegalovirus infection associated with hepatitis B virus. 829 58

The presence of viruses in blood cells or plasma from asymptomatic donors is the major risk of transmitting an infectious agent through blood transfusion. The main viruses involved are hepatitis viruses and retroviruses. The risk of transmitting hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been progressively and efficiently reduced in the last years by the successive introduction of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), antibody to hepatitis B core (HBc Ab), and more recently antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV Ab). The risk of transmitting human retroviruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) has also been reduced drastically thanks to screening for corresponding antibodies. However, except for HBs Ag screening, the immunoassays used for HCV, HIV, or HTLV only detect antibodies. Therefore, although they are infectious, a few blood units may be not discarded. The efficacy of preventive measures depends on the incubation time, the infectivity during this silent phase, and the sensitivity of screening procedures. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and parvovirus B 19 are responsible for common infections. Consequently, 30% to more than 50% adults have serologic evidence of past infection. However, both viruses may cause severe primo-infections in some circumstances, especially in pregnant women or immunodeficient individuals.
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PMID:[Viral risks associated with blood transfusion]. 838 12

This study assessed effects of exposure to p-xylene, a ubiquitous air pollutant, on mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a mouse model for a common human virus. It was postulated that adverse health effects could occur as a result of (1) enhanced infection due to xylene-induced immune suppression, (2) increased p-xylene toxicity due to viral suppression of cytochrome P-450 (P-450), and/or (3) additive or synergistic effects on liver function due to tissue injury by both p-xylene and MCMV. Mice were exposed to filtered air, 600 or 1200 ppm p-xylene 6 h/d for 4 d and infected with a sublethal dose of MCMV after the first exposure. No deaths occurred among uninfected, p-xylene-exposed mice or infected, air-exposed mice; 34% and 0% mortality occurred respectively in infected mice exposed to 1200 and 600 ppm p-xylene. Virus titers in the liver and splenic natural killer cell activity were unaffected by exposure to 1200 ppm p-xylene. Small but significant increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, indicators of liver damage, were observed at 4 d postinfection. p-Xylene exposure had no effect on these serum enzyme activities in uninfected mice, but 1200 ppm potentiated this effect in infected mice. MCMV significantly suppressed and p-xylene significantly increased total P-450 levels in the liver, but there was no significant interaction between the two. Isozymes 1A1, 2B1/B2, and 2E1 were decreased to a similar degree, suggesting that the virus does not target specific isozymes. Enhanced mortality was not due to immune suppression. While p-xylene potentiated liver damage was caused by the virus, the magnitude of serum enzyme activities indicates that this damage was not a likely cause of death. The cause of deaths is unclear, results were consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced mortality was related to enhanced xylene toxicity due to suppression of P-450, although additive or synergistic damage to tissues other than liver cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:Enhanced mortality and liver damage in virus-infected mice exposed to p-xylene. 839 6

A national screening programme for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors in Taiwan began in July 1992 using a second-generation immunoassay. To study the impact of this screening on post-transfusion hepatitis in Taiwan, a prospective study on post-transfusion hepatitis, that was started in 1987, was continued. As of June 1994, 245 patients who received a blood transfusion after July 1992 had completed a follow-up period for more than 6 months post-transfusion. Of them, seven (2.8%) recipients developed acute post-transfusion hepatitis. The hepatitis in six cases could not be attributed to infection by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E viruses or cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The remaining patient seroconverted to both IgG and IgM anti-CMV. All seven patients recovered in 6 months without development of chronicity, and the mean peak alanine aminotransferase level was lower compared with that of the cases before anti-HCV screening (i.e. pre-July 1992). These results indicate that the current anti-HCV screening has effectively interrupted HCV transmission through blood transfusion in Taiwan.
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PMID:Effect of hepatitis C antibody screening in blood donors on post-transfusion hepatitis in Taiwan. 852 13


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