Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
 26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a newly developed oral cephem, were carried out in the treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics. 1. Since CPDX demonstrates very powerful antimicrobial actions against such Gram-negative bacilli as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia sp., such Gram-positive cocci as Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase producing Branhamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae, this drug was thought to be useful for the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases when main causative bacteria in the field of pediatrics were taken into account. 2. When changes in blood and urine concentrations of CPDX following the administration of this drug at 3.7 mg/kg before meal were determined, Cmax and T1/2 were found to be 2.98 micrograms/ml at 2-hour and 1.73 hours, respectively; an urinary excretion rate in the first 6 hours and a maximum urine concentration were 32.5% and 52 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3. Clinically, 8 of 8 patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (100%), 28 of 29 patients with bronchitis and/or pneumonia (96.6%), 3 of 4 patients with otitis media (75%), 2 of 2 patients with sinusitis (100%), 3 of 3 patients with the skin soft tissue infections (100%), 1 of 1 patient with bacterial enteritis (100%) and 11 of 14 patients with urinary tract infections (78.6%) responded well to the treatment with CPDX-PR, showing a 91.8% efficacy rate in all the patients treated. 4. Bacteriologically, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, B. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium were all eradicated from 5, 1, 4, 6, 1, 5, 5, 11 and 1 patient, respectively. An eradication rate in all the patients examined was 97.5% (39/40). 5. Gastrointestinal symptoms appeared as side effects in 2 of 71 patients (vomiting in 1 and diarrhea in 1), hence, an incidence of side effects was 2.8% (2/71). As for abnormal laboratory findings, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis and increases in GOT and GPT were observed in 3 of 39 patients examined (7.7%), 1 of 39 patients (2.6%) and 2 of 34 patients (5.9%), respectively. In addition, we also examined the effect of the drug on the hemostatic system, but found no changes upon the treatment. Based on these results, it appeared that CPDX-PR was a useful and safe drug in treatment of infectious diseases in the field of pediatrics when administered 2-3 times a day at a dose of 3-6 mg/kg.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil in the field of pediatrics]. 281 Jul 29

Among the 8,604 cases of acute viral hepatitis hospitalized during 1982 in 53 Italian hospitals, we studied 379 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis, 262 cases which occurred after surgery and 4,576 cases with no history of parenteral exposure. The etiological agents of post-transfusion hepatitis were NANB viruses in 57.8%, HBV in 39.0% and HAV in 3.2% of the cases. CMV and EBV accounted for less than 1.5% of the post-transfusion hepatitis cases. HBV was the main etiological agent (62.2% of the cases) in the post-surgical hepatitis group, where HAV accounted for only 6.1% of the cases. In contrast, in the group with no history of parenteral exposure, hepatitis A was most frequent. Percentages of patients with history of transfusion or surgery were always higher in type B and NANB hepatitis than in type A, suggesting that surgery without transfusion also represents a risk of acquiring type B and NANB hepatitis. No regional differences were observed in the etiological patterns of post-transfusion hepatitis and post-surgical hepatitis. The acute phase of type B post-transfusion hepatitis was more severe than that of NANB post-transfusion hepatitis, as shown by higher serum bilirubin and ALT levels and by a higher case fatality rate.
Infection
PMID:Etiological, clinical and laboratory data of post-transfusion hepatitis: a retrospective study of 379 cases from 53 Italian hospitals. 303 12

Numerous infectious diseases are transmissible by blood, with AIDS and hepatitis being the predominant concerns today. Less in the limelight, but nonetheless blood transmissible, are cytomegalovirus infection, malaria, babesiosis, and hepatitis B. A major controversy with respect to non-A non-B hepatitis relates to the use of 'surrogate' testing of donors for ALT and hepatitis B core antibody. Transfusion-associated AIDS has been markedly reduced as a risk, due to blood donor antibody screening implemented in March 1985. However, other retroviruses such as HTLV-1, HTLV-II and HIV-II pose additional concerns regarding the safety of the blood supply, and decisions will be forthcoming regarding testing of donated blood for antibody to these viruses.
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PMID:Infectious complications of blood transfusion. 305 66

Infectious complications have been, and will continue to be, a problem in recipients of blood transfusions. Steps to exclude high-risk donors and to test for antibody to HIV, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and alanine aminotransferase almost surely have a beneficial effect on the blood supply. The risk of transfusion-transmitted infectious disease will never be nonexistent, and each transfusion will always have to be considered in terms of benefit versus risk. Patients and physicians need to understand that an absolutely safe blood supply is an unattainable goal, but that current approaches to donor selection and testing are highly effective in minimizing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infection.
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PMID:Transfusion-associated hepatitis and AIDS. What is the risk? 311 Jun 19

As anti-HBc screening has been proposed for blood donor testing, we investigated its effectiveness during pregnancy. Among 4,023 successive pregnant women screened for anti-HBc, 539 (13.4%) were positive and further tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs. HBsAg was found in 73 (1.81%) and anti-HBc only was positive in 66 (1.64%). Among the 73 women positive for HBsAg, HBV DNA was found in the serum of seven, the cord blood of two, the placenta of three. Of the 58 infants given HBV immunoglobulins and vaccine, only four had transient HBsAg. None of the 66 women positive for anti-HBc only had anti-HBc IgM, HBeAg, or HBV DNA in serum, cord blood or placenta but five women became HBsAg positive before, at, or after delivery. Among the infants born of these 66 mothers, three had high ALT, two had HBsAg and one HBV DNA without HBsAg. Screening for anti-HBc may be cost effective, at least in low HBV prevalence areas, since there is evidence for infectivity of pregnant women positive for anti-HBc only.
Infection
PMID:Anti-HBc screening for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in France. 343 74

Laboratory and clinical studies were carried out with aspoxicillin (TA-058, ASPC), a new semisynthetic penicillin, in pediatric infectious disease, and following results were obtained. The average serum concentrations of ASPC after intravenous injection were 53.6, 151.2 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 28.0, 72.8 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 17.6, 43.3 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 7.0, 19.9 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 0.3, 1.8 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, when the doses were 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The mean half-lives of ASPC in blood after injection were 0.87 hour and 1.1 hours when the doses were 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery rates in the urine during 6 hours after intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg were 62.0 and 62.8%, respectively. The antibacterial activity of ASPC against clinically isolated organisms was determined. ASPC had good activity against H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. Thirty-four patients; 26 cases of respiratory tract infections, 6 cases of urinary tract infections, 1 case of bacterial meningitis and 1 case of bacterial lymphadenitis, were treated with 57.0-159 mg/kg daily dose of ASPC for 4-19 days. The rate of satisfactory clinical response was 85.3%. As to side effects, loose stool was observed in 3 cases, slight elevation of GOT & GPT and elevation of platelet were noted, in 2 cases, respectively. All were transient and considered to be minor.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on aspoxicillin in the field of pediatrics]. 385 59

An epidemic outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis occurred in 1977/78 involving 30 donors at a plasmapheresis center. Of 27 hospitalized patients with peak ALT values between 334 and 1736 (mean 831) IU/l, only 16 had subjective symptoms like fatigue and lack of appetite, 11 had nausea, 11 were jaundiced and one developed transient arthritis. Patients with jaundice became chronically ill significantly less frequently than those without jaundice. Nineteen of 26 patients followed up had elevated ALT values after 12 months (73%) and 11 after 46 months (42%). Needle liver biopsies performed in 18 of the 19 patients with elevated ALT after 12 months revealed chronic persistent hepatitis in 14 and chronic active hepatitis in three. Follow-up biopsies always showed improvement (nine patients) or complete recovery (eight patients).
Infection
PMID:Epidemic outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in a plasmapheresis center. II: Clinical observations and a four-year follow-up of patients. 392 97

A multicenter cooperative clinical trial was carried out on S6472 (a long-acting preparation of cefaclor (CCL)) to evaluate its effectiveness and safety in the treatment of infectious diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology. The results are as follows: The clinical efficacy of the drug could be evaluated in 114 patients. An efficacy rate of 65.8% was obtained. The efficacy rate for each disease was found to be 60.0% for acute suppurative otitis media, 12.5% for chronic suppurative otitis media and 44.4% for acute exacerbation of chronic suppurative otitis media. The overall efficacy rate for all cases of suppurative otitis media was 46.4%. The efficacy rate for acute tonsillitis was found to be 93.1%. In the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, the efficacy of the drug was rated as excellent or good in all cases. The overall efficacy rate for all cases of tonsillitis was found to be 93.9%. In the treatment of other infectious diseases, the efficacy was rated as excellent or good in all cases. When the cases by resistant organisms to CCL were excluded from the evaluation, the overall efficacy rate of the drug was found to be 74.2%. The bacteria could be identified in 106 cases. Regarding the bacteriological efficacy of single infections, its bacterial elimination rate was found to be 81.1% for Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, etc., while it was 42.9% for Gram-negative bacteria. The overall elimination rate of bacteria in single infections was 73.1%. The bacterial elimination rate for mixed infections was found to be 85.7%, whereas it was 76.8% when the single and mixed infections were combined. Regarding side effects, 1 case each of diarrhea, soft stool and rash, or 3 cases in total (2.4%), were recorded in a total of 123 patients. However, the severity of each side effect was mild. Regarding abnormal laboratory findings, there were 1 case each of an increase in S-GPT, leukopenia and complication of eosinophilia and thrombocytopenia, or 3 cases in total (7.0%). Each of these adverse reactions was, however, transient in nature, and no serious cases were observed. On the basis of the above results, it was concluded that S6472 can provide sufficient clinical efficacy when it is administered at daily dosage of 750 mg or 1,500 mg in 2 divided doses after the breakfast and dinner.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of S6472 in otorhinolaryngologic infections]. 406 19

Aztreonam (AZT), a new synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, which is resistant to beta-lactamase and has a strong and specific activity against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patients of 13 cases with localized peritonitis due to acute appendicitis, 3 cases with panperitonitis (1 case with perforative appendicitis, 1 with acute cholecystitis and 1 with pancreatic necrosis) and 4 cases with skin and soft tissue infection (anal fistula and abdominal abscess etc.) were treated by AZT. AZT was administered in a dose of 1 g twice a day by intravenous drip infusion using 100 ml-volume bottle preparation with saline for 4 to 10 days. Clinical efficacy was rated excellent in 2 cases, good in 16 cases, fair in 1 case and poor in 1 case (efficacy rate 90.0%). Adverse effects were small skin rash in 1 case, and increased GOT and GPT in 1 case. No adverse effect was recognized in other cases. Therefore, AZT appears to be very useful drug when used for chemotherapy of infectious diseases in surgery.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on aztreonam following intravenous drip infusion]. 407 96

Our investigation of cefotiam in pediatric infection produced the following results: 1. Cefotiam was administered intravenously by one shot or drip infusion in 20 patients with infectious diseases. These diseases consisted of 13 pneumonia, 3 upper respiratory tract infections, 3 pyelonephritis, 2 other urinary tract infections and one purulent meningitis. Cefotiam was effective in all cases. 2. Transient elevation in serum GOT, GPT, Al-P and LDH was observed in 3 cases. But other side effect was not noted in any cases.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on cefotiam in pediatric infections (author's transl)]. 627 Apr 18


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