Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The laboratory contribution in the care of a seriously ill child is essential to plan and organize the therapy after the first-step emergency care and to know the aethiology of the illness. The most acute syndromes in pediatric emergency care are: coma, convulsions, dehydration, metabolic disequilibrium, hypovolemic or anaphylactic shock, serious infectious diseases and chemical or drug poisoning. The laboratory tests which have to be available within few minutes are blood cell count, hemogasanalysis, sodium, potassium and calcium, glucose. Total proteins, serum creatinine and urea, bleeding tests, blood smear, sedimentation rate, ALT, AST, osmolality, urinary electrolytes and creatinine and cerebrospinal fluid examination should be available within sixty minutes. New accurate and rapid techniques and instrumentations make easier the diagnostic and therapeutical approach to pediatric emergency.
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PMID:Pediatric emergency laboratory. 189 92

Patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever, admitted to 14 hospitals for infectious diseases during 1984-1987, were epidemically and clinically studied. Of the total number of 183 typhoid, 49 paratyphoid fever patients, those infected overseas was 44.3% and 71.4% respectively, giving an overall annual decrease, yet marking an increased ratio of overseas infection. Patients aged 20s-30s and males were dominant. One hundred and seventy six cases (96.2%) of typhoid and all the paratyphoid fever cases were bacteriologically diagnosed. The period from the onset to the diagnosis was around 14 days in most cases, but beyond 29 days in over 10% of the cases. We would like to emphasize that enteric fever, focusing on high fever, bradycardia, roseola, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, elevated serum-GOT GPT and LDH, can be easily diagnosed by blood/stool culture before beginning chemotherapy. Intestinal bleeding was recognized in 24 cases (13.1%) of typhoid and 4 (8.2%) of paratyphoid fever, intestinal perforation in 2 (1.1%) and death in 1 (0.5%) of typhoid fever. CP was most commonly used in chemotherapy. Bacteriological relapse was recognized in 7/127 cases (5.5%) of typhoid, 6/48 (13.0%) of paratyphoid fever those followed beyond 3 weeks, though eradication was attained by retreatment. One strain of S. typhi resistant to CP.ABPC.KM.SM was isolated in 1986 from a patient infected overseas. New quinolones seem reliable in our preliminary studies.
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PMID:[Clinical research on patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fever (1984-1987). Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases, Japan]. 191 2

The clinical efficacy and the pharmacokinetics of cefpirome (CPR, HR 810), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, were investigated in children with various infectious diseases. CPR showed high blood peak levels, relatively long half-life and high levels in urine. Excellent clinical efficacy was obtained in 2/3 cases with pneumonia, 3/4 cases with upper respiratory infection, 2/2 cases with cutaneous and soft tissue infection and 1/1 case with urinary tract infection. The overall efficacy rate was 80%. No clinical adverse effects were observed while slightly elevated GPT and GOT, decreased platelet were detected in 4 cases without clinical problems. CPR should be an useful and safe drug in treating infectious diseases in children.
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PMID:[Clinical efficacy of cefpirome against various infectious diseases in children]. 204 Nov 63

The frequency and clinical features of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with and without a hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection was investigated retrospectively in the Stockholm region during two different time periods, September 1977-October 1978 and November 1984-October 1986. Totally, 31/229 (14%) patients with acute HBV infection had a HDV co-infection. No change in the frequency of co-infections, 12% and 15%, respectively, was observed between the 1970s and 1980s. Among the 31 HDV co-infected patients 74% were intravenous drug addicts. Totally 23/66 (35%) intravenous drug addicts with acute HBV infection had HDV co-infection. Clinically a biphasic rise of the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin was noted among 63% of the HDV co-infected patients but only among 8% of the solely HBV infected patients (p less than 0.001). A clinically more severe hepatitis was seen significantly more often among the HDV co-infected patients than among the solely HBV infected.
Infection
PMID:Acute hepatitis B and hepatitis D co-infection in the Stockholm region in the 1970s and 1980s--a comparison. 207 8

We studied pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefdinir (CFDN), a newly developed oral cephalosporin, and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics of CFDN in 2 patients were investigated. The 2 patients with ages of 8 years (36.5 kg, body weight) and 6 years (26.5 kg, body weight) were administered with 3 mg/kg of fine granules of CFDN on empty stomachs. Peak plasma levels of CFDN were 0.85 microgram/ml in one patient and 0.56 microgram/ml in the other. The 8-hour urinary recovery rate was 21.6% of the administered dose in one and was not calculable in the other. 2. Clinical effects of CFDN were studied in 25 children with various infectious diseases: 11 with acute pharyngitis, 1 with acute tonsillitis, 2 with acute laryngitis, 3 with acute bronchitis, 2 with acute bronchopneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 1 with acute otitis media, 1 with acute lymphadenitis. The efficacy rate was 96% (24/25), and the bacteriological eradication rate was 83.3% (10/12). 3. No side effects were noted. Clinical laboratory test values were investigated in 14 patients. There were no seriously abnormal laboratory test findings except a slight elevation of eosinophile and GPT.
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PMID:[Clinical study on cefdinir in pediatric field]. 228 17

The transmission of infectious diseases, mainly hepatitis B, non-A non-B and HIV infection, was the major complication of replacement therapy in hemophiliacs before the introduction of virus inactivated concentrates. The clinical relevance of transfusion associated infections in 43 hemophiliacs treated with different coagulation preparations during an observation period from 1978 to 1986, is discussed. Up to 1981, 38 hemophiliacs have shown hepatitis B seroconversion; 20 of them had a permanent increase in ALT levels. Only two among the five seronegative hemophiliacs showed an immune response to vaccination against hepatitis B. During the observation period 13 hemophiliacs contracted clinical non-A non-B hepatitis. Ten hemophiliacs have been HIV infected. Both hepatitis B and HIV infection occurred more frequently in hemophiliacs treated with foreign concentrates. One patient died of liver cirrhosis, another of AIDS. Since 1986. Swiss hemophiliacs have only been treated with virus inactivated concentrates: therefore no further HIV infections or hepatitis have been observed. Different methods of virus inactivation and factor VIIC purification are discussed. Since factor VIII yield is very low in the ultrapure and virusfree concentrates, a worldwide shortage of factor VIII concentrates is going on. It remains to be expected whether the availability of recombinant factor VIIIC will resolve these problems in the near future.
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PMID:[Prevention of transfusion-associated virus infections in hemophilic patients needing replacement therapy]. 248 48

A new oral macrolide, clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in 33 children. TE-031 was effective in all cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia, streptococcal pharyngitis, pertussis and Campylobacter gastroenteritis. The pharmacokinetic availability of TE-031 granule and tablets was much better than the older macrolides; serum half-lives of TE-031 averaged 3.2 +/- 0.25 hours (for the granule preparation). No clinical adverse reaction was encountered, but cases of transient mild elevation of the serum GPT (2 cases) and eosinophilia (2 cases) were encountered. From these preliminary data, TE-031 seems to have a place in the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of clarithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic in children]. 252 41

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were carried out in the field of pediatrics. 1. Absorption and excretion Serum levels and urinary excretion of SBT/ABPC were studied in 4 children with ages 6 to 8 years. The mean serum concentration of SBT at 15 minutes following a single intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg of SBT/ABPC was 27.4 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml and that of ABPC was 42.8 +/- 3.9 micrograms/ml, and their concentrations declined with mean half-lives of 1.06 +/- 0.15 hours and 0.84 +/- 0.05 hour, respectively, and at 6 hours were 0.3 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml and 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml on the average, respectively. The urinary recovery rates of SBT and ABPC at 6 hours after the injection were 59.0 +/- 22.4% and 58.4 +/- 25.3% on the average, respectively. 2. Clinical study SBT/ABPC was used for the treatment of a total of 36 pediatric patients with ages ranging 2 months to 11 years and it's clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse effects were evaluated. Clinical efficacies in 5 patients with acute purulent tonsillitis, 26 with acute pneumonia and 1 with acute pyelonephritis were judged to be excellent in 27 cases and good in 5 cases with an overall efficacy ratio of 100.0%. Clinical efficacies in 6 patients whose infections were caused by beta-lactamase producing strains were judged to be excellent in all cases. Bacteriological efficacies of SBT/ABPC were assessed on 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase producing strain), 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 16 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (5 beta-lactamase producing strains and 11 non-beta-lactamase producing strains), 1 non-beta-lactamase strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and 2 strains of Escherichia coli (non-beta-lactamase producing strains). All strains except 1 strain of H. influenzae (beta-lactamase producing strain) which decreased in number were eradicated with a bacteriological eradication rate of 95.5%. Only 1 patient complained of diarrhea which was suspected to be related to the drug. No other side effect was reported. Elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in only 1 patient. The above results suggested that SBT/ABPC was a useful drug with preferable safety profile in the treatment for pediatric patients with infectious disease caused by beta-lactamase producing strains as well as those by non-beta-lactamase producing strains.
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PMID:[Studies on sulbactam/ampicillin in the field of pediatrics]. 266 50

Therapeutic effects of cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221), a new cephalosporin having a methoxyimino group, were examined in various infectious diseases in children. Clinical efficacy rates were 100% (3/3) in pneumonia, 100% (5/5) in acute bronchitis, 75% (3/4) in upper respiratory infections and 100% (1/1) in each of a croup and a mixed infection with Streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcal impetigo. Hence, the overall efficacy rate was 92.9% (13/14). Adverse effects were observed in 2 cases, i.e. exanthema provably due to drug allergy in 1 case and a slightly elevated GPT in another. Changes in serum concentrations and urinary excretion of CDZM were examined in a child with no infection. T 1/2 values obtained were 124.5 minutes (bioassay) and 143.4 minutes (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC]. Eight hour recovery rates in urine were 62.9% (bioassay) and 65.4% (HPLC). CDZM was considered to be a safe and useful drug in treating various infectious diseases in children.
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PMID:[Therapeutic effects of cefodizime in the treatment of various infectious diseases in children]. 279 65

Cefpodoxime proxetil (CS-807, CPDX-PR), a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was investigated for its usefulness in pediatrics. 1. The total number of patients treated were 21 with their ages ranging from 3 months to 9 years and 1 month, consisting of 5 male and 16 female infants. 2. Single dosages of the drug ranged between 4.4 mg and 5.8 mg/kg with oral administration for 3 times daily in fasting. A total aggregated dosage was between 46.4 mg/kg and 200.0 mg/kg. The length of administration was 3 to 12 days. 3. The breakdown of symptoms were 9 cases of acute pharyngitis, 5 cases of acute tonsillitis, 3 cases of acute bronchitis, and 1 case each of impetigo + purulent rhinitis, cervical lymphadenitis, scarlet fever, and urinary tract infection. 4. The clinical efficacy rate was 100% with 18 excellent responses and 3 good responses. 5. The bacteriological efficacy rate was 90.9% in eradication rate, based on results on 17 strains of suspected causative microorganism among which 10 strains were eradicated, 1 strain was decreased, and 6 strains were unknown. 6. There was no side effect during the treatment and after the discontinuation, while, in clinical laboratory tests, GOT and GPT were elevated in 1 case which was judged as abnormal. No patient refused the drug. CPDX-PR was considered to be very useful drug because of its excellent efficacy and safety in pediatrics in treating infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Study of efficacy, safety and dosage on cefpodoxime proxetil in pediatric infections]. 281 Jul 26


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