Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Female BALB/c and B6C3F1 mice were examined after a 3-wk exposure to dietary estradiol (0, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ppb) in a purified (AIN-76A) or a natural-ingredient (NIH-07) diet. The use of AIN-76A was associated with a 9-13% greater (p less than 0.001) body weight and a 36-43% higher (p less than 0.001) serum cholesterol in both mouse genotypes when compared to mice fed NIH-07. Conversely, when fed NIH-07, both mouse genotypes had a 20-22% higher (p less than 0.003) serum urea nitogren and 2-3.5% higher erythrocyte count (p less than 0.001) and hemoglobin concentration (p less than 0.04) than when fed AIN-76A. Reduced erythrocyte parameters suggest that chronic feeding of the purified diet might result in anemia. No significant compound or diet-related differences were noted for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or gamma-glutamyl transferase. Although there was no diet effect on absolute or differential white blood cell count, estradiol caused a decrease in the total white blood cell count (p less than 0.014) and an increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (p less than 0.014) in BALB/c and decreased the percentage of lymphocytes (p less than 0.005) in B6C3F1 females. In addition, estradiol increased uterine weight and inhibited thymic and splenic weights in one or both genotypes. Spleen and thymus weight responses to estradiol were not significantly influenced by diet. However, the uterine weight responses to estradiol were apparently influenced by diet in both genotypes. In B6C3F1 mice, the uterus weighed more at each level of estradiol when mice were fed AIN-76A compared to NIH-07 diet. In BALB/c mice, this was true only at the two lower dietary concentrations of estradiol. In conclusion, mice fed the purified diet, AIN-76A, differed from those fed the cereal-based diet, NIH-07, in hematology, clinical chemistry, and uterine weight response to estradiol.
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PMID:Effects of purified (AIN-76A) and natural-ingredient (NIH-07) diets on responses of BALB/c and B6C3F1 female mice to estradiol. 368 22

Gemcadiol is a medium-length diol moiety with lipid-regulating properties in animals and man. The compound was not toxic when single doses were administered to rodents with the lethal dose greater than 7000 mg/kg in rats and mice. Rats treated for 13 or 52 weeks with 30 to 300 mg/kg had reversible food intake suppression and weight gain inhibition, decreased blood cholesterol, slight anemia, and generally dose-related but reversible decreases in glucose, and increases in alkaline phosphatase and blood urea nitrogen. Liver weights were increased, and there was accompanying hypertrophy and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia of hepatocytes with associated peroxisome proliferation. Rats treated for 52 weeks also had mild renal tubular dilatation. Dogs given 25 to 300 mg/kg of gemcadiol for up to 52 weeks tolerated the compound better than rats. Effects related to compound administration were elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in female animals only, and microscopic cytoplasmic vacuolation and hyaline body formation in both sexes. Monkeys given 25 to 300 mg/kg gemcadiol for 13 weeks had slightly decreased serum cholesterol and slightly increased serum creatine phosphokinase. Teratology studies in rats or rabbits indicated no teratogenic response. Gemcadiol affects principally the liver, and the hepatic alterations seen in rats and dogs may reflect compensatory manifestations of altered metabolism related to the lipid-regulating activity of the compound.
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PMID:Preclinical toxicology studies with the lipid-regulating agent gemcadiol. 369 36

A patient who developed chronic salicylism associated with salicylate therapy for treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is described, and the clinical presentation and treatment of chronic salicylism are reviewed. A 5 1/2-year-old boy was receiving aspirin 150/mg/kg/day for treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. While on salicylate therapy, the patient developed tachypnea and became increasingly hyperthermic, lethargic, and disoriented. The patient developed a maculopapular rash, weakness, and a decreased level of consciousness during the 11 days before admission to the hospital. Physical examination and laboratory determinations revealed that the patient had hypoprothrombinemia, hypoglycemia, and severe hepatic encephalopathy secondary to long-term salicylate toxicity. The patient was treated for hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, thrombocytopenia, and anemia and was discharged after 24 days. Diagnosing chronic salicylism with hepatic dysfunction was difficult because the symptoms are similar to those of stage I to stage II Reye's syndrome. Liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (also called SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (also called SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase, may be elevated in juvenile arthritis patients with hepatic dysfunction. Liver dysfunction usually improves when salicylate therapy is discontinued. Supportive therapy should always be used in symptomatic patients. Children on long-term, high-dose salicylate therapy should be monitored closely, and baseline liver function tests should be performed. The clinical effectiveness of administering sodium bicarbonate in attempts to alkalinize urine and increase salicylate elimination is controversial. In patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who develop chronic salicylism, careful analysis of the patient's medication history, laboratory values, and clinical presentation are necessary to rule out Reye's syndrome.
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PMID:Chronic salicylism in a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. 370 82

p- Aminodiphenylamine (p-ADPA), an aromatic amine of wide industrial applications, also finds human exposure through hair dye preparations or via ingestion of a common food colouring metanil yellow. Acute and short-term toxicity studies in albino rats have been done following the biochemical markers, hematology and tissue histopathology. The acute LD50 value of p-ADPA is 0.847 g/kg body weight which qualifies for the 'moderately toxic' category. In short-term studies, animals were fed p-ADPA, mixed in routine laboratory diet at the concentrations of 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% (w/w), daily for 90 days. Feed intake and body weight gain in the highest dosed group were reduced. Hematological examinations exhibited moderate anemic conditions with decreased red blood cells, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lowered packed cell volume suggesting normocytic normochromic anemia at 0.25% onward levels of p-ADPA intake. There was significant increase in the activities of acid/alkaline phosphatases and GOT/GPT in serum with simultaneous depletion from liver at the levels of 0.5 and 0.75% p-ADPA intake, suggesting biochemical lesions of the liver. Testicular LDH and hyaluronidase were lowered at 0.5 and 0.75% levels indicating partial arrest of spermatogenesis. These findings were supported histopathologically. The study warrants careful consideration on its exposure, industrially or through common food color or hair dye preparations.
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PMID:Acute and short-term toxicity studies on p-aminodiphenylamine. 372 52

A phase II study on recombinant human leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) was carried out in 30 patients with urogenital cancers. Each patient received rIFN-alpha A by i.m. injection every day for at least 4 weeks. The initial daily dose was 3 X 10(6) U, being escalated at intervals of 3 days or more up to 50 X 10(6) U. The results are summarized as follows: In aged patients, the daily dose appropriate for everyday i.m. injection was considered to be 9 X 10(6) U or below, judging from the adverse reactions observed. According to Koyama and Saito's response criteria, partial response (PR) and minor response (MR) were obtained, respectively, in 3 and 1 out of 12 patients with renal cell carcinoma, while PR was seen in 1 out of 9 with urothelial cancer. No response was observed in patients with testicular cancer and in those with prostatic cancer. Various kinds of adverse reactions were recognized and each patient showed one reaction or more. Fever, fatigue, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and elevation of GOT and GPT were observed relatively frequently. Among these, fatigue and thrombocytopenia were regarded as dose limiting factors.
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PMID:[Phase II study of recombinant human leukocyte A interferon on urogenital cancer patients]. 400 82

Hematological, biochemical, histoenzymological, and histopathological changes in serum and tissues were studied in chickens during outbreaks of nephritis. Hematological studies revealed normocytic-normochromic anemia characterized by increased total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Albumin-to-globulin ratio and sodium levels in serum, glucose in blood, and alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver and kidneys were decreased. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, uric acid, non-protein-nitrogen, and potassium levels in serum were increased. No significant change in the calcium, phosphorus, and total protein levels in serum was observed. These changes were directly related to the severity of the nephritis.
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PMID:Clinicopathological, hematological, and biochemical studies in some outbreaks of nephritis in poultry. 407 33

Haematology and serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were studied during the migration phase of Stephanurus dentatus in the livers of experimentally infected pigs. There was no evidence of anaemia but total leucocyte counts were raised and peripheral eosinophilia began 2 to 3 weeks after infection. Peak eosinophilia occurred 6 to 7 weeks after infection and levels were still elevated at 20 weeks. Lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers remained constant. Reinfection did not stimulate a secondary eosinophil response. Only aspartate aminotransferase was temporarily elevated. The gross pathology resulting from the infections is described. Several clinicopathological differences in the response of pigs to invasion of the liver by S. dentatus were noted compared to those produced by Ascaris suum but none are pathognomonic.
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PMID:Clinical pathology of experimental stephanuriasis in pigs. 622 77

Cefotaxime (CTX) was used for 129 cases in respiratory tract and other infections; 57 cases of pneumonia, 20 cases of bronchopneumonia, 20 cases of acute bronchitis, 14 cases of chronic bronchitis, 7 cases of acute exacerbation of bronchiectasia or pulmonary emphysema, 4 cases of suppurative diseases of the lung, 1 case of pyothorax, 1 case of retropharyngeal abscess, 3 cases of pleurisy and 1 case of urinary tract infection. (A case was excepted on clinical evaluation.) CTX was administered by intravenous injection or drip infusion at a daily dose ranging from 0.5 to 8 g, for a term of 2 to 61 days. The total dose patients received ranged from 3 to 226 g. The results obtained were as follows. Clinical effects; excellent in 45 cases, good in 63 cases, fair in 9 cases, poor in 7 cases and unevaluable in 4 cases. The efficacy rate was 87.1% (108/124). Bacteriological effects; eliminated in 30 cases, decreased in 8 cases, unchanged in 2 cases and replaced in 1 case. The elimination rate was 75.6% (31/41). Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings; general itching, fatigue in lower extremities and albuminuria in 1 case each, and anemia in 2 cases. Increased number of eosinophiles and elevated GOT in 1 case each, elevated GOT and GPT in 3 cases and elevated GOT, GPT and A1-P in 2 cases. These symptoms or abnormal laboratory findings disappeared after the discontinuation or termination of CTX therapy. In view of the above, CTX may be considered to be a clinically useful antibiotic against respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefotaxime in internal medicine]. 631 10

There are reports in the literature that infection with hepatitis A virus in hepatitis B carriers can result in resolution of the carrier state. In an attempt to induce clearance of the carrier state of hepatitis B virus in two persistently infected chimpanzees, the chimpanzees were infused with documented non-A, non-B infectious material. Biochemical and histopathological evidence of hepatitis was accompanied by the unique abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis in the chimpanzees. Elevation of alanine aminotransferase was accompanied by fourfold reduction in one chimpanzee and sixfold reduction in the other in the plasma levels of HBV-associated DNA polymerase activity and simultaneously by twofold reduction in the concentration of hepatitis B surface antigen in both chimpanzees. A mediator may account for these changes in markers of hepatitis B virus infection, and this mechanism may also explain the occurrence of spontaneous regression in some persistently infected carriers. The significance of transient red cell anaemia in non-A, non-B hepatitis, which was observed in one of the chimpanzees, is yet to be established.
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis in persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus. 640 22

A Tegafur suppository of 750 mg was administered daily to 20 patients with bladder tumors, whose ages ranged from 43 to 84 years (average age 63.7). Histological study revealed transitional cell papilloma in 6 cases, transitional cell carcinoma in 12 cases, squamous cell carcinoma in 1 case and malignant tumor with extensive necrosis in 1 case. The result of staging and grading was as follows: 8 cases of pTa, 5 cases of pT1, 9 cases of pT2, 1 case of pT3a, 2 cases of pT3b and 1 case of T4; an, 6 cases of G0, 6 cases of G1, 5 cases of G2, 2 cases of G3 and 1 case of unknown grade. According to Saitoh and Koyama's criteria, no cases showed complete response (0%), 5 cases partial response (25%), 3 cases minor response (15%), 10 cases no change (50%) and 2 cases progressive disease, making the total effective rate 25.0%. Some side effects were observed in 6 of the cases (30%): General malaise in 4 cases (20%), loss of appetite in 3 cases (15%), diarrhea in 1 case (5%), edema in 1 case (5%), anemia in 2 cases (10%), an elevation of both GOT and GPT in 1 case (5%) and thrombocytopenia in 1 case (5%). A recovery from these side effects was achieved after discontinuing the use of Tegafur suppositories.
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PMID:[Clinical application of tegafur suppositories for bladder tumor]. 642 74


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