Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.2 (alanine aminotransferase)
26,722 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subcellular distribution and some physicochemical properties of alanine aminotransferase in striated muscles of the crayfish, trout, carp, frog, pigeon and rabbit were studied. It was established that: (1) Alanine aminotransferase activity in all mentioned animals occurred almost entirely in the cytosolic fraction of the muscles. Total activity and activity per mg protein were highest in crayfish and pigeon muscles and lowest in carp and trout muscles. (2) The pH optimum for the muscles of homoiotherms and poikilotherms ranged from 7.5 to 8, Km values for L-alanine were of the order 10(-3)--10(-2) M and those for alpha-ketoglutarate 10(-4) M. (3) A 10 degree C temperature increase of the incubation medium was accompanied by a 70--90% increase in activity. (4) The higher the alanine aminotransferase activity of the muscles, the relatively higher their alanine production during electrical stimulation. (5) From the above results it is concluded that alanine aminotransferase in striated muscles regulates the rate of glycolysis and energy production under conditions of anaerobiosis through the formation of alanine.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution and some properties of alanine aminotransferase in striated muscles of the crayfish, trout, carp, frog, pigeon and rabbit. 3 68

Effect of a herbicide, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium-dichloride), the fungicide copper sulphate, and zinc chloride was studied on the histological structure of liver, kidney and gill of three fish species with different feeding habits, viz.: a herbivorous, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix); an omnivorous, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and a carnivorous, sheatfish (Silurus glanis L.). The organs were studied electron microscopically after fixation according to Karnovsky. The toxic effect manifested itself characteristically on the respective species, regardless of the type of the chemical applied and the species specificity. Upon the effect of the treatments applied the cytoplasm of the respiratory cells of the gill became electron transparent and the cytoplasmic organelles disappeared almost totally. In the chloride cells showing focal necrosis, residuals of nuclear, mitochondrial and endoplasmic origin were seen. Pillar cells and the pericytes remained intact. In the nucleus of the liver cells, electron dense heterochromatin was not present. The degree of the damage in the liver cells was indicated by swollen mitochondria with electron transparent matrix and by dilatation and vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum system. Epithelial cells decreased in electron density, the endoplasmic reticulum was vesiculated, mitochondria were swollen. Leucocytes increased in number, and empty vacuoles and vacuoles filled with dense granules appeared in them during toxicosis. Copper sulphate or paraquat increased serum transaminase enzyme activities (glutamic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase, glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase) in all the three fish species. These damages can cause serious disturbances in energy uptake and secretion processes of fish.
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PMID:Morphological and biochemical studies on liver, kidney and gill of fishes affected by pesticides. 623 May 60

The effects of 10 ppm CuSO4, ZnCl2 on the blood glucose level and serum LDH, GOT, GPT activities of three fish species (carp, silver carp, European wels) were measured. CuSO4 increased the blood glucose level, LDH, GOT and GPT activities in the three species in the following order: silver carp greater than carp greater than European wels. ZnCl2 did not alter the same levels. Our results showed that CuSO4, and presumably several anthropogenic agents, damaged the different fish species specifically and caused different stress effects depending on the fish species.
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PMID:Comparative studies on the sensitivity of different fish species to metal pollution. 714 60

Investigations of acute and subacute atrazine toxicity in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were carried out. Acute toxicity was investigated in a semi-static test during a 96-hr exposition. The estimated LC-50 value was 18.8 mg/l. Subacute toxicity was investigated by exposing fish (carp) to different atrazine concentrations (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/l) for 14 days. Biochemical and histopathological changes in certain organs and tissues were investigated. The results show that atrazine leads to changes of varying intensity depending on the parameter tested, the organs and tissues examined, as well as the atrazine concentration. Biochemical changes were most prominent in the alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities whereas the most severe histopathological changes were observed in the gills.
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PMID:Acute and subacute toxicity of atrazine to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). 768 1

Copper sulfate is one of the most widely used algicides for the control of phytoplankton in lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. It is also used for aquatic weed control. To study the toxic effects of copper on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), toxicity tests were carried out. Fish recovery in copper-free water was followed. After a 14-day period of exposure to five concentrations of copper sulfate (0.25-4.0 mg/L CuSO4, values ranging from approximately 5 to 70% of the 96-h LC-50) and a recovery period of the same duration, activities of the functional enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the blood serum and gills were determined. Because the gills are the known target organ for copper, changes in gill structure were investigated as well. In all exposure groups for all the enzymes studied, an increase in activity was noted after 14 days. The increase in AP activity was the most pronounced in both gills and serum of carp exposed to the highest concentration tested (4 mg/L). After a "recovery" period, compared with the end of treatment, a decrease in enzyme activities was recorded, indicating eventual recovery from the Cu-induced stress (the only exception being the ALT activity in gills in the highest CuSO4 concentration). The results of biochemical analysis were confirmed by histopathology. Lesions such as epithelial hyperplasia, curling of secondary lamellae, and changes in chloride cells were observed on the gills, and their severity increased with increased toxicant concentration. Most of the changes were reversible, as exhibited by gill histopathology after the recovery period.
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PMID:Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery. 962 35

The specific activities of three lipogenic enzymes, malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), in liver and heart and two transaminases (AST & ALT) in liver and muscle, were studied in response to the in vivo and in vitro administration of growth hormone (GH) in a teleost Anabas testudineus. Ovine growth hormone (oGH) in vivo significantly reduced the activities of lipogenic enzymes, except for heart G6PDH, which showed an increase at the highest dose of hormone. Transaminase activity either increased or decreased depending on the dose of GH. The lowest dose of hormone employed (0.1 microg/gm b/w) exhibited a stimulatory effect and the highest dose (0.5 microg/gm. b/w) an inhibitory effect on transaminase activity. Both ovine GH and carp GH (oGH and cGH) in vitro significantly reduced the activities of ME, G6PDH and ICDH. Activities of AST and ALT were increased by oGH and cGH in vitro. The present study reveals that irrespective of origin, GH in vitro has a direct inhibitory effect on lipogenic enzymes ME, G6PDH, ICDH and a stimulatory effect on transaminases AST and ALT in A. testudineus, thus favoring gluconeogenesis.
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PMID:Studies on the effect of growth hormone in vivo and in vitro on lipogenic enzymes and transaminases in a teleost Anabas testudineus (BLOCH). 1059 27

Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism were studied in common carp Cyprinus carpio exposed to 0, 0.8, 4, and 20 microM cadmium (Cd) over a 29-day period. Blood and other tissue samples were taken after 4 and 29 days of exposure. The highest Cd concentration proved to be lethal to the fish, resulting in 100% mortality after 21 days of exposure. Cd accumulated in the tissues in the following order: kidney>liver>gills. Blood hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, plasma glucose, plasma lactate, and tissue total protein contents were not significantly altered. The concentrations of Cd and zinc (Zn) binding metallothioneins ((Cd, Zn)-MTs) were in the following order=liver>kidney>gills. An increase in (Cd, Zn)-MTs was observed at all exposure concentrations at days 4 and 29 in kidney and at Day 29 in gills. No significant changes in (Cd, Zn)-MT contents were found in liver. The concentrations of free amino acids and the activities of proteases were increased at Day 4 in gills, liver, and kidney of carp exposed to 4 and 20 microM Cd, and in gills and kidney at Day 29 in carp exposed to 4 microM Cd. The observed increases in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase suggest that the observed proteolysis is intended to increase the role of proteins in the energy production during Cd stress. However, this increased activity of both aminotransferases was not found in gills during exposure to the lethal Cd concentration, indicating that Cd may also cause an inhibitory effect on the activity of these enzymes above a certain level.
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PMID:Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in carp Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure. 1122 34

In the present study we evaluated the toxicological effects of a scarcely documented environmental pollutant, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), on selected biochemical endpoints in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Juvenile organisms were exposed to PFOS through a single intraperitoneal injection (liver concentrations ranging from 16 to 864 ng/g after 5 days of exposure) and after 1 and 5 days effects were assessed in liver and serum of the exposed organisms. The investigation of the hepatotoxicity of PFOS included the determination of the peroxisome proliferating potential (peroxisomal palmitoyl CoA oxidase and catalase activity) and the compounds influence on the average DNA basepair length (ABPL) by agarose gel electrophoresis. Total antioxidant activity (TAA), cholesterol and triglyceride levels were monitored in the serum. After 1 day of exposure the ABPL was significantly increased in the 270 and 864 ng/g treatment groups. After 5 days of exposure significant increases relative to the control were observed for the 16, 270 and 864 ng/g treatment groups. Enzyme leakage from the liver was investigated by measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in the serum. At 561, 670 and 864 ng/g PFOS a significant increase in serum ALT activity became apparent after 5 days of exposure with values ranging from 159 to 407% relative to the control. For serum AST activity a significant increase for the 864 ng/g treatment group was observed with a value of 112% relative to the control. Determination of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration into liver tissue as assessed through myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in liver, was used as an indicator for inflammation. It appeared that inflammation was not involved in the observed membranous enzyme leakage for the 561, 670 and 864 ng/g PFOS treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that PFOS induces inflammation-independent enzyme leakage through liver cell membranes that might be related to cell necrosis. Furthermore, results show that PFOS does not significantly affects serum antioxidant levels nor does it clearly induce peroxisome proliferation in carp. This study also points out that PFOS might interfere with homeostasis of the DNA metabolism. The results of these biochemical analyses were used to perform an initial hazard assessment study indicating that PFOS levels observed in tissues of wildlife populations could induce a clear rise in serum transaminase levels indicative for disruption of hepatocyte membrane integrity.
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PMID:Evaluation of the toxicological effects of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 1259 74

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is one of several mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a major fungal pathogen of corn and widely spread throughout the world. FB1 produces a wide range of biological effects, some of which are specific for particular organs or species and some are common to all investigated animals. In this study we have evaluated subchronic toxicosis features in young carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to 0.5 and 5.0 mg FB1 kg(-1) body weight for 42 days through nutritionally balanced diet. During the trial we observed loss of body weight in both treated groups, together with higher incidence of infective bacterial dermatological lesions erythrodermatitis cyprini (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova) in the group treated with the higher FB1 dose. Several hematological parameters (erythrocyte count, platelet count) and serum chemical concentrations (creatinin, total bilirubin) and activities (aspartate aminotransferase, AST and alanine aminotransferase, ALT) were greater in the fumonisin treated groups than in the control group. Our results indicate that long-term dietary exposure to 0.5 and 5.0 mg FB1 kg(-1) body weight is not lethal to young carp, but can produce adverse physiological effects. These findings also suggest that primary target organs of FB1 in the carp are kidney and liver, as it has already been observed in other animal species tested. Specifically changed red blood cell- parameters reveal that FB1 probably causes erythrocyte membrane defect or interferes with carp's respiratory process.
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PMID:Screening toxicity study in young carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on feed amended with fumonisin B1. 1273 35

Active compound oleandrin extracted from Nerium indicum (Lal Kaner) leaf has potent piscicidal activity. The piscicidal activity of oleandrin on freshwater fish C. punctatus was both time and dose dependent. Exposure to sub-lethal doses of oleandrin for 24hr and 96hr to fish caused significant alteration in the level of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and enzyme protease, phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in liver and muscle tissues. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were also significantly time and dose dependent. The results show a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in both liver and muscle tissues of fish after the 7th day of the withdrawal of treatment. Toxicity persistence test of oleandrin on juvenile Labeo rohita shows that fish seed of common culturing carp can be released into rearing ponds after three days of oleandrin treatment. It supports the view that the oleandrin is safer and may be useful substitute of other piscicides for removing the unwanted freshwater fishes from aquaculture ponds.
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PMID:Toxic and sub-lethal effects of oleandrin on biochemical parameters of fresh water air breathing murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch.). 1508 92


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