Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.6.1.19 (GABA transaminase)
808 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

gamma-Acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA, two catalytic irreversible inhibitors of mammalian brain GABA transaminase that produce several-fold increases in brain GABA concentrations were tested for their effects on bicuculline and picrotoxin-induced seizures and mortality in mice. Neither inhibitor influenced the frequency of seizures or death produced by either bicuculline or picrotoxin. Both inhibitors, however, produced a dose-dependent prolongation of the time to onset of seizures and death induced by picrotoxin but by bicuculline. These results suggest differences in the antagonism by bicuculline and picrotoxin of GABA-mediated neural functions.
...
PMID:Effect of elevated brain GABA concentrations on the actions of bicuculline and picrotoxin in mice. 20 Sep 66

Because of its abundance in the brain, its ability to produce hyperpolarizing inhibition of almost all neurons, its association with benzodiazepines, and the discovery that many convulsants inhibited its synthesis, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has often appeared to be the key to epilepsy. Many assumed that "primary" or "genetic" epilepsy must be a disorder of GABA synapses and that GABA agonists would be universal anticonvulsants if permeability and drug metabolism were controlled. The GABA synthetic gene was a logical "candidate gene" for epilepsy. However, the GABA-deficiency theory of epilepsy is less convincing today. GABA agonists were found to intensify seizures in some rodent and human cases. Absence and other generalized seizures in humans often worsened when treated with GABA transaminase inhibitors such as gamma-vinyl-GABA. Surprisingly, the GABA transaminase inhibitors appear to be more useful in partial than in generalized epilepsies. Neuronal GABA uptake blockers are proconvulsant. GABA agonists aggravate seizures in several mutants, ranging from the photosensitive baboon to the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. How can this be understood? Muscimol injections into the pedunculopontine nucleus increase seizures due to systematically administered convulsants, while the receptor blocker bicuculline suppresses seizures after injection into several brain regions, including the striatum. The result of inhibiting inhibitory circuits is excitation. Studies with GABA uptake blockers and the GABAB agonist baclofen are presented in which their combined administration provoked seizures in rats. Baclofen was shown also to increase the incidence of seizures evoked by pentylenetetrazole without increasing seizures due to local injections of excitatory amino acids. Baclofen antagonized the myoclonic effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats with serotonin lesions. Baclofen augments some seizures and inhibits others. Selective inhibition of a particular tract, whether GABAergic or not, may have convulsant or anticonvulsant effects, depending on its connections and the state of the organism. GABAA receptor stimulation is usually but not always anticonvulsant. GABAB receptor stimulation may facilitate absence seizures and related primary generalized seizures. GABAB receptors may be abnormal in some forms of nonfocal epilepsy seen in childhood. It is likely that mutations of GABA transporter and GABAA receptor genes will be found in humans but they will probably not be patients with "pure epilepsy."
...
PMID:GABA and epilepsy: their complex relationship and the evolution of our understanding. 131 57

The relationship between GABA dynamics and LH release was studied on day 2 after subcutaneous estrogen implant in short-term ovariectomized rats. GABA accumulation, used as an index of GABA turnover, was determined in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), medial (MS) and lateral (LS) septal nuclei, median eminence-mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and locus ceruleus (LC). Measurements of GABA were performed at two different times of day (11.00 and 15.00 h), 3 h after intraperitoneal administration of gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase. Either morning or afternoon ovariectomized rats (OVX) showed a significant increase in GABA accumulation after GVG treatment in all the areas studied. Estrogen-treated OVX rats showed in the morning a lower GABA accumulation in the MPN, MBH and LC, and GABA levels remained unchanged in the LS and MS. In the afternoon, the MPN and LS showed a lower rate of GABA accumulation whereas in the MBH and LC the GABA increase was not observed. In contrast the MS showed a rate of GABA accumulation similar as in the OVX rats. Local administration in the MPN of 20 micrograms GVG, or GABA-A receptor stimulation by muscimol (50 ng), prior to the increase in plasma LH levels, prevented the occurrence of the estradiol-induced LH surge. The effect of muscimol was reversed by bicuculline (30 ng), a GABA-A receptor antagonist. Bicuculline in low doses lacked effect by itself. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that a decreased GABAergic activity in MPN, MBH and LC precedes the estradiol-evoked LH surges in ovariectomized rats. Moreover, that in septal nuclei, a low GABAergic activity takes place well before the occurrence of plasma LH increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Restraining action of GABA on estradiol-induced LH surge in the rat: GABA activity in brain nuclei and effects of GABA mimetics in the medial preoptic nucleus. 131 4

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic technique was developed to measure levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and taurine in the brain and pituitary of goldfish. Accuracy of this procedure for quantification of these compounds was established by evaluating anesthetic and postmortem effects and by selectively manipulating GABA concentrations by intraperitoneal administration of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid or the GABA transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl GABA. The technique provided a simple, rapid, and reliable method for evaluating the concentrations of these amino acids without the use of complex gradient chromatographic systems. To investigate the relationship between neurotransmitter amino acids and the control of pituitary secretion of gonadotropin, the effects of injection of taurine, GABA, or monosodium glutamate on GABA, glutamate, taurine, and, in some instances, monoamine concentrations in the brain and pituitary were evaluated and related to serum gonadotropin levels. Injection of taurine caused an elevation in serum gonadotropin concentrations. In addition, injection of the taurine precursor hypotaurine but not the taurine catabolite isethionic acid elevated serum gonadotropin levels. Intracerebroventricular injection of either GABA or taurine also elevated serum gonadotropin concentrations. Pretreatment of recrudescent fish with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine reduced pituitary dopamine concentrations and also potentiated the serum gonadotropin response to taurine. Injection of monosodium glutamate caused an increase of glutamate content in the pituitary at 24 h; this was followed by a decrease at 72 h after administration. Pituitary GABA, taurine, and dopamine concentrations underwent a transient depletion after monosodium glutamate administration, and this was associated with an elevation of serum gonadotropin content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Amino acid neurotransmitters and dopamine in brain and pituitary of the goldfish: involvement in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. 134 46

Extensive neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and behavioral evidence demonstrates that GABAergic neurons inhibit endogenous dopamine release in the mammalian corpus striatum. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in adult female baboons, using the dopamine D2-specific radiotracer 11C-raclopride, were undertaken to assess the utility of this imaging technique for measuring these dynamic interactions in vivo. 11C-raclopride binding was imaged prior to and following the administration of either gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG), a specific suicide inhibitor of the GABA-catabolizing enzyme GABA transaminase, or lorazepam, a clinically prescribed benzodiazepine agonist. Striatal 11C-raclopride binding increased following both GVG and lorazepam administration. This increase exceeded the test/retest variability of 11C-raclopride binding observed in the same animals. These findings confirm that changes in endogenous dopamine concentrations resulting from drug-induced potentiation of GABAergic transmission can be measured with PET and 11C-raclopride. Finally, this new strategy for noninvasively evaluating the functional integrity of neurophysiologically linked transmitter systems with PET supports its use as an approach for assessing the multiple mechanisms of drug action and their consequences in the human brain.
...
PMID:GABAergic inhibition of endogenous dopamine release measured in vivo with 11C-raclopride and positron emission tomography. 135 14

Multiple administrations of the psychotomimetic drug, phencyclidine-HCI (PCP), decreased striatal neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) levels in a dose-dependent manner. Single or multiple PCP administrations decreased striatal NPY levels after 10-12 h; levels returned to control 24 h after a single dose or 58 h after multiple doses. In contrast, no significant changes were seen in nigral NPY levels with either acute or multiple-dose PCP treatments. The role of monoamine, sigma or opioid receptors in PCP-induced striatal NPY changes was evaluated. When administered alone, the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, the sigma antagonist, BMY 14802, and the dopamine D2 antagonist, sulpiride decreased striatal NPY levels; however, only prazosin and the dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, significantly attenuated PCP-induced changes. Administration of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) inhibitors, amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) or gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG, vigabatrin, MDL 71,754) alone had no effect on striatal NPY-LI levels while administration of these indirect GABA agonists prior to or concurrently with PCP treatment completely blocked PCP-induced changes in striatal NPY-LI levels. The effect of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, on striatal NPY-LI content resembled that of PCP and was also blocked by the two indirect GABA agonists. These data suggest that NPY systems are modulated by glutamatergic activity (specifically by the NMDA receptor) and that the interaction between these two transmitter systems is mediated by GABAergic mechanisms.
...
PMID:Characterization of phencyclidine-induced effects on neuropeptide Y systems in the rat caudate-putamen. 136 Aug 68

1. The maternal to foetal transfers of S(+)- and R(-)-gamma-vinyl-GABA (VGB) across the human isolated perfused placenta were low and comparable with those of acidic alpha-amino acids. 2. The placental uptake of the active S(+)-isomer from the maternal circulation exceeded that of the R(-)-isomer and this was reflected by a corresponding difference in placental tissue concentrations. 3. During perfusion with recirculation of the foetal medium, the two enantiomers were present at a similar concentration and did not concentrate in foetal perfusate, indicating that the excess amount of S(+)-VGB cleared from the maternal circulation was not accessible to the foetal perfusate. Furthermore, stable concentrations of both isomers in the foetal perfusate suggested a lack of placental metabolism. 4. Possible explanations of these findings include the operation of a stereoselective sodium-dependent-GABA placental uptake system on the maternal side, similar to that observed in neuronal tissue, or stereoselective binding to a placental GABA transaminase.
...
PMID:Passage of S(+) and R(-) gamma-vinyl-GABA across the human isolated perfused placenta. 141 75

The acute effects of the irreversible gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase inhibitor, gamma-vinyl GABA (Vigabatrin), were studied in the central nervous system of the rat. GABA concentrations were monitored in the hippocampus by implantation of microdialysis probes. Two doses of gamma-vinyl GABA (1.6 and 8.0 mM) were administered via the probes and were found to cause a transient increase in the basal GABA outflow (10-fold) during the period of drug administration. In addition, gamma-vinyl GABA pretreatment (1.6 mM) seemed to decrease K(+)-evoked GABA release (P < 0.05). The immediate increase of GABA outflow after gamma-vinyl GABA administration may be the result of direct blockade of GABA uptake sites, a finding which further indicates that the action of GABA transaminase inhibitors may be mediated partly through GABA uptake inhibition.
...
PMID:Acute effects of gamma-vinyl GABA on the GABAergic system in rats as studied by microdialysis. 149 May 26

Vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA) is a relatively new antiepileptic drug. Vigabatrin increases the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain by inhibiting the major GABA metabolizing enzyme, GABA transaminase. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated an excellent antiepileptic effect of vigabatrin, especially in the treatment of partial epilepsies. Long-term evaluations have shown no signs of tolerance development. Vigabatrin decreases the plasma concentration of phenytoin during concomitant therapy, the only drug with which an interaction seems to occur. In general, vigabatrin is well tolerated. Psychotic reactions occur in 3-6% of patients. Other frequent side effects are sedation and weight increase. Chronic vigabatrin intoxication in animals caused development of intramyelinic oedema, appearing as microvacuoles in brain white matter. No microvacuolation has been observed in humans, even after long-term treatment. Vigabatrin seems a very valuable new antiepileptic drug.
...
PMID:Pharmacology of vigabatrin. 160 8

The anticonvulsant, adverse and biochemical effects of the novel antiepileptic drug vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA), which increases GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) levels by inhibition of the GABA degrading enzyme GABA aminotransferase, were examined in amygdala-kindled rats after acute and chronic administration. Vigabatrin proved to be a potent anticonvulsant drug at acute doses (100-200 mg/kg), but during chronic administration, the anticonvulsant activity of the treatment was lost already in the second week of treatment. Tolerance also developed to the adverse effects, i.e. hypothermia, sedation and motor impairment. Determination of vigabatrin in plasma indicated that tolerance was not due to declining drug levels. Furthermore, determination of endogenous amino acids in plasma showed that GABA levels were highly elevated throughout the period of treatment, although the extent of GABA accumulation decreased in the second week. After cessation of chronic treatment with vigabatrin, there was no clear indication of withdrawal symptoms, except a prolonged seizure or afterdischarge duration in experiments with 100 mg/kg per day. The data suggest that chronic treatment with vigabatrin may be associated with a loss of anticonvulsant efficacy, at least when the drug is given as monotherapy.
...
PMID:Development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of vigabatrin in amygdala-kindled rats. 161 78


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---