Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is elevated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and was suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the anemic syndrome of these patients because it raises the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells (RBC). In the present study, the youngest and oldest RBC were separated from circulating erythrocytes by high-speed centrifugation. The age distribution was described, and the effect of PTH on the different age groups was investigated. Median density (MD) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity were chosen as age markers. MD (1.0985 +/- 0.00087) and GOT activity (12.49 +/- 2.083 IU/g Hb) of the young uremic cells did not differ significantly from the values of young normal cells (1.0987 +/- 0.00046 and 10.36 +/- 1.174 IU/g Hb, respectively). The MD of the oldest cells, however, was lower (1.1048 +/- 0.00054) and GOT was higher (6.60 +/- 1.1019 IU/g Hb) in the uremic than in the control cells (1.1093 +/- 0.00175 and 3.77 +/- 0.233 IU/g Hb, respectively). These results indicate that the life span of RBC in uremics is shorter than normal and that an enrichment of circulating RBC by young cells occurs in uremic patients. The median osmotic fragility (MOF) of the young cells was lower in both uremic (0.376 +/- 0.006) and control patients (0.378 +/- 0.003) than the MOF of old cells (0.402 +/- 0.005 and 0.392 +/- 0.004, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Parathyroid hormone effect on the fragility of human young and old red blood cells in uremia. 394 50

The effects of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent of urea and ammonia, were examined in an in vitro adsorption study and in normal rats. Chitosan DAC showed high adsorption capacity for urea and ammonia in an in vitro study using the diluted supernatant of rat gastrointestinal fluid. In contrast, Kremezin, an oral charcoal adsorbent (AST-120), had little influence on these substances. In normal rats fed diets containing chitosan DAC (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10% content) for three weeks, increases in fecal wet weight, fecal dry weight and fecal water content were observed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, chitosan DAC feeding increased fecal excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) and decreased the apparent protein ratio in a dose-dependent manner. There were no obvious effects in serum parameters except that increased levels of protein and albumin and decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and glucose were observed in rats fed a high concentration of chitosan DAC. In conclusion, these findings suggest the possibility that chitosan DAC treatment might be effective for improving chronic renal failure.
...
PMID:[Pharmacological properties of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent (I). Effect of chitosan DAC in normal rats]. 755 37

The effects of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (Chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent of urea and ammonia, were examined in rats with progressive chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by adriamycin. CRF rats induced by repeated injections of adriamycin were fed a diet containing chitosan DAC (5% content) or Kremezin (5% content), an oral charcoal adsorbent (AST-120) under strict paired-feeding for four months. CRF rats that received both a normal diet and Kremezin showed progressive azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, and anemia, and began to die from 9 weeks after feeding started. In contrast, chitosan DAC-treatment showed marked prolongation of the survival period and decreases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum phosphate. In addition, chitosan DAC-treatment ameliorated anemia in CRF rats, although hyperlipidemia and proteinuria were not improved. Furthermore, fecal weight, fecal water content, fecal nitrogen and fecal sodium were markedly increased, and the apparent protein ratio was decreased in CRF rats fed a diet containing chitosan DAC for 9 weeks. In contrast, none of these effects were observed in CRF rats receiving Kremezin. These observations suggest the further possibility of using oral adsorbent therapy for CRF patients.
...
PMID:[Pharmacological properties of chitosan-coated dialdehyde cellulose (chitosan DAC), a newly developed oral adsorbent (II). Effect of chitosan DAC on rats with chronic renal failure induced by adriamycin]. 755 38

In order to examine the mechanism by which the oral carbonaceous adsorbent, AST-120 delays the appearance of glomerular sclerosis, experiments were carried out in 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 285-320 g. The rats were first subjected to 2/3, 3/4, and 4/5 nephrectomy (n = 40). The experiments were begun at 2 weeks after the surgery, and were performed over an 8-week period. Half of each group (n = 20) was administered 1 g/day of liquid AST-120, and the other half received liquid vehicle solution with pair feeding in each group. In the 2/3 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the occurrence of glomerular hypertrophy and prevented the appearance of glomerular sclerosis without any significant differences in renal function, systemic blood pressure (SBP), and urinary protein excretion (U-P). In the 3/4 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the appearance of glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis with significant decreases in SBP and U-P. In the 4/5 nephrectomized group the administration of AST-120 delayed the appearance of glomerular sclerosis and prevented a decrease in renal function. It is concluded that administration of the oral adsorbent AST-120 delays the occurrence of glomerular sclerosis by delaying the appearance of glomerular hypertrophy, systemic hypertension, and the increase in proteinuria. It can be therefore mentioned that the accumulating substances in the digestive tract worsen the abnormal milieu of chronic renal failure.
...
PMID:Correction by oral adsorbent of abnormal digestive tract milieu in rats with chronic renal failure. 756 81

To elucidate the mechanisms by which factors in the digestive tract influence the progressive chronic renal failure in rats, we employed the oral adsorbent, AST-120, which can adsorb certain uremic toxins in the gastrointestinal fluid. Administration of AST-120 firstly delayed the appearance of systemic hypertension, secondly delayed the increase in the amount of urinary protein excretion, and finally delayed the emergence of glomerular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. The data obtained did not provide evidence for an inhibitory effect of AST-120 on hypertension. Our results therefore suggest that a pressor substance or its precursor exists in the digestive tract of rats with chronic renal failure.
...
PMID:Influence of factors in the digestive tract on the progression of chronic renal failure. 833 93

In order to examine the initiation time of drug treatment for chronic renal failure by the removal of certain substances which are accumulated in the digestive tract, experiments were carried out on 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 285-325g. The rats were first subjected to 2/3, 3/4 and 4/5 nephrectomy (n = 20). The experiments were begun at 2 weeks after the surgery, and were performed over an 8-week period. Half of each group of nephrectomized rats (n = 10) was administered the oral adsorbent, 1 g/day of Kremezin (AST-120, Kureha Chemical Industry Co, Tokyo), and pair feeding was done in each group of nephrectomized rats. The administration of Kremezin delayed the occurrence of glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, hypertrophy of the glomerular epithelial cells, flattening of the tubular cells, dilation of the tubular cavity and infiltration of monocytes into the interstitium in the 2/3 nephrectomized rats. In addition, the administration of Kremezin delayed the appearance of proteinaceous cast formation in the tubules, ballooning of the tubular cells, an increase in systemic blood pressure and an increase in urinary protein excretion in the 3/4 and 4/5 nephrectomized rats. These findings indicated that the correction of an abnormal milieu within the digestive tract in chronic renal failure can delay its progression. Since the level of the creatinine clearance in the 2/3 nephrectomized rats was equal to approximately 60% of the creatinine clearance in normal rats, it is suggested that drug treatment for chronic renal failure with Kremezin should be initiated before the level of the creatinine clearance decreases to 60% of creatinine clearance in normal human.
...
PMID:[Study on the initiation time of drug treatment for chronic renal failure]. 837 90

Fifty-two patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hospital haemodialysis were given a single bolus dose of tinzaparin (Innohep, Leo Laboratories, UK) into the arterial side of the dialyser, for up to 43 consecutive dialyses. The mean tinzaparin dose at the beginning was 2,139 IU anti-Xa and at the end 2,186 IU anti-Xa. Overall, tinzaparin proved a satisfactory anticoagulant for 1,370 (96.0%) out of 1,427 dialyses. Significant clot formation was prevented in 1,326 (92.8%) out of 1,429 dialyses. The clinically effective dose was associated with a mean plasma anti-Xa activity 1 h after dosing of 0.4 IU/ml and suppressed fibrinopeptide A formation for up to 4 h. Bleeding, from the skin or mucous membranes, was recorded at 27 (1.9%) of 1,408 dialyses. Prolonged fistula bleeding on completion of dialysis was recorded on only 20 occasions. Other haemorrhagic events included haematemesis, bruising and subconjunctival haemorrhage (each in 1 patient) and epistaxis (2 patients). Three patients died during the study of causes considered unrelated to tinzaparin therapy, myocardial infarction (2 patients) and multiple myeloma. Other adverse events reported included vomiting (3 patients) and hypotension (3 patients). Three patients ceased treatment due to haematemesis, prolonged bleeding from fistula puncture and thrombosis of the arteriovenous access, respectively. A small, but statistically significant, increase within the normal reference range was recorded in the mean values for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
...
PMID:Long-term use of the low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin in haemodialysis. 911 88

Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed on 12 healthy sedentary subjects and on 22 non-dyalized chronic renal failure patients (CRF) on a free diet and after overnight fasting. Parathormone, glucagon and insulin were determined at the same time of biopsies. CRF patients showed significantly low ATP and creatine phosphate levels. Regarding enzyme activities, a high hexokinase Vmax was found, while the pyruvate kinase activity was lower than in the control group. For the tricarboxylic acid cycle, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities were higher; total NADH cytochrome c reductase activity was also high, while cytochrome oxidase activity was slightly lower. Both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were considerably high in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, our study revealed a hypermetabolic TCA cycle, but impaired oxidative phosphorylation, which partly explained the reduced ATP concentration. Excessive protein intake and hormonal derangements may play a role in these metabolic changes.
...
PMID:Altered muscle energy metabolism in post-absorptive patients with chronic renal failure. 924 94

We have recently demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate promotes the progression of glomerular sclerosis in uremic rats. In the present study, we determined whether an oral adsorbent (AST-120) could reduce the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate and suppress the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) in undialyzed uremic patients. Twenty-five undialyzed uremic patients were given AST-120 at a dose of 6 g/day for 6 months, while 10 undialyzed uremic patients were not given AST-120. The effects of the oral adsorbent on the slope of the 1/serum creatinine (Scr)-time plot, and the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate were evaluated. Administration of AST-120 significantly decreased the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate, and tended to improve the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot in the CRF patients. Among the patients in whom urinary excretion of indoxyl sulfate was reduced by AST-120, the oral adsorbent significantly improved the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot. The change in the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot showed a significant negative correlation with the change in the urine level of indoxyl sulfate. Thus, patients who showed a greater decrease of urinary indoxyl sulfate also showed more marked suppression of the progression of CRF. These results support the notion that indoxyl sulfate, a protein metabolite, is involved in the progression of CRF, and that an oral adsorbent can delay progression at least partly by reducing the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate.
...
PMID:The protein metabolite hypothesis, a model for the progression of renal failure: an oral adsorbent lowers indoxyl sulfate levels in undialyzed uremic patients. 935 Jun 73

This prospective, randomized controlled study was designed to examine the effects of oral adsorbent AST-120 on the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) in patients on a strict low protein diet (LPD). Twenty-six patients with CRF (serum creatinine 3.0 to 8.6 mg/dl) on a LPD were randomly assigned to a control group (N = 13) or an AST-120 group (N = 13). The 1/Cr slope and creatinine clearance (CCr) slope were used to estimate the progression rate of CRF; uremic toxins, serum and urinary indoxyl sulfate (IS), peak 2a and guanidino substrates (GS) measured by HPLC. Comparisons were made between the baseline observation period for 6 to 12 months and the treatment period (0.6 g/kg/day of LPD alone or concurrent with 6 g/day of AST-120, for the control and the AST-120 groups, respectively) for 12 to 24 months in both groups. Both the 1/Cr slope and CCr slope were significantly lessened in the treatment period only in the AST-120 group. Serum and urinary IS, but neither peak 2a nor GS were significantly decreased in the treatment period only in the AST-120 group. We conclude that AST-120 administration concurrent with LPD may be superior to LPD alone in retarding the progression of CRF by inhibiting accumulation of indoxyl sulfate.
...
PMID:Effects of oral adsorbent AST-120 on the progression of chronic renal failure: a randomized controlled study. 940 55


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>

---