Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plastid stromules are membrane-bound protrusions of the plastid envelope that contain soluble stroma. Stromules are often found connecting plastids within a cell and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments have demonstrated that green fluorescent protein (GFP) can move between plastids via these connections. In this report, the ability of endogenous plastid proteins to travel through stromules was investigated. The motility of GFP-labelled plastid aspartate aminotransferase and the Rubisco small subunit was studied in stromules by FRAP. Both fusion proteins assemble into protein complexes that appear to behave similarly to their endogenous counterparts. In addition, both enzymes are capable of trafficking between plastids via stromules.
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PMID:GFP-labelled Rubisco and aspartate aminotransferase are present in plastid stromules and traffic between plastids. 1475 18

One of the most intriguing phenomena observed during adriamycin (ADR) toxicity has been attributed to ADR-induced oxidative stress. The study was aimed to assess the protective effect of lipoic acid (LA) against ADR-induced damage to erythrocytes. Male albino rats (Wistar strain) were subjected to ADR (1 mg/kg body weight/day i.v.) once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Haematological indices like haemoglobin levels (Hb) and haematocrit (Ht) were also lowered along with a marked increase in the activities of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). These rats demonstrated enhanced erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) and an onslaught in the antioxidant defence armoury, witnessed by lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E. Rats administered with ADR showed a marked decline in the activities of membrane-bound ATPases. Abnormal LPO and decreased deformability led to increased osmotic fragility of the red blood cells. Pretreatment with LA (35 mg/kg body weight/day i.p.) 24 hours prior to the administration of ADR once a week for a period of 12 weeks was effective in counteracting these biochemical disturbances, thereby minimizing the toxic side effects of ADR.
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PMID:Effect of lipoic acid on the oxidoreductive status of red blood cells in rats subject to oxidative stress by chronic administration of adriamycin. 1511 32

Adiponectin, secreted specifically from adipocytes, is thought to play a key role in the metabolic syndrome. Plasma adiponectin concentrations were studied in 36 typical nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) women which is commonly associated with the metabolic syndrome. They were diagnosed as NAFL by ultrasound brightness, slightly elevated serum ALT levels and the exclusion of history of alcohol abuse and other known liver diseases. Compared with 64 control women, NAFL had a significant increase in the variables of the metabolic syndrome, other hepatic enzymes and leptin levels, while a reduction in AST/ALT ratio and adiponectin before (mean +/- SE: 7.2 +/- 0.5 vs 9.0 +/- 0.4 microg/ml, p < 0.005) and after adjustment for body fat mass (0.24 +/- 0.02 vs 0.34 +/- 0.02, p < 0.0001), atherogenic Index [(total cholesterol - HDLC)/HDLC: 3.2 +/- 0.3 vs 4.6 +/- 0.3, p < 0.005] or calculated insulin resistance (HOMA-R) (6.6 +/- 1.9 vs 8.6 +/- 0.9, p < 0.005). BMI and amylase were positive, and adiponectin/BMI was negative significant independent determinants of ALT value in multiple regression model. In conclusion, while hypoadiponectinemia was observed in NAFL, hypoadiponectinemia provides the possibility of fat accumulation in the liver.
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PMID:Plasma adiponectin decrease in women with nonalcoholic Fatty liver. 1564 78

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) displays immunotolerogenic properties toward effector cells in graft rejection through inhibition of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytolysis and CD4+ T-cell alloproliferation. CD4(+)CD25(+)high regulatory T (Treg) cells are pivotal for the maintenance of self-tolerance of pathogenic alloresponses after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation in murine model systems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was an association between soluble and membrane-bound HLA-G levels on Treg cells and liver graft prognosis. For this purpose, we studied 37 liver transplant patients and 13 healthy blood donors. To investigate the expression of HLA-G on the surface of peripheral mononuclear (PMNL) cells, we have used monoclonal antibodies in flow cytometry to estimate CD4, CD25, CD45, and HLA-G content. HLA-G serum levels were determined by ELISA. We observed a correlation between sHLA-G serum levels and liver function tests. After a month of HLA-G decrease in serum levels, liver function tests such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were above normal levels, suggesting liver dysfunction or rejection. Considering these results, we concluded that the increased sHLA-G in serum and on cell surfaces may afford preliminary data on the prognosis and response to treatment in liver transplant patients.
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PMID:Human leukocyte antigen-G, a new parameter in the follow-up of liver transplantation. 1654 78

Gentamicin (GM) is one of the most important of the aminoglycoside antibiotics used widely for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections and whose clinical use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. As the pathogenesis of GM-induced renal dysfunction and injury involves reactive oxygen species, the polyphenolic constituents of soybean with antioxidant property may protect against GM-induced renal toxicity. We therefore tested this hypothesis using phenolic extract of soybean (PESB) on GM-induced nephrotoxicity rat model. Administration of GM (80 mg/kg, s.c.) for 12 days to rats induced marked renal failure, characterized by a significantly increased plasma creatinine, urea and Na(+) ions levels, with K(+) depletion. This was also associated with decreases in the activity of the renal antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] measured and depletion of both blood and renal reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The activities of membrane-bound glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and 5(1)-nucleotidase (5(1)-NTD) enzymes as well as gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (enzymes that are located in the proximal tubule) were decreased. Renal histology examination further confirmed the damage to the kidney as it reveals severe necrosis of the proximal renal tubules with deposition of colloid casts. These alterations were ameliorated in rats pretreated with PESB. The decrease in the activities of SOD, CAT, GST as well as GSH depletion observed in GM-treated rats was prevented in the rats pretreated with PESB. The activities of gamma-GT, AST and G6Pase were also increased in the kidney. These protective effects were dose dependent except for G6Pase activity and GSH levels that were preserved only at 500 mg/kg dose of PESB, and 5'-NTD activity that was dose dependently decreased. Furthermore, the extent of tubular damage induced by GM was reduced in rats that also received PESB. The lower dose (500 mg/kg) of the extract, however, appeared to provide better histological protection. These results suggest that the PESB has protective effects on GM-mediated nephropathy and this may be related to the action of the antioxidant polyphenolic content of the soybean.
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PMID:Modulation of gentamicin-induced renal dysfunction and injury by the phenolic extract of soybean (Glycine max). 1667 61

This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of oleanolic acid (OA) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rat myocardium. Wistar strain rats were pretreated with OA (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, s.c) for 7 days and then intoxicated with isoproterenol (ISO, 85 mg/kg, sc for 2 consecutive days). Heart were excised from the experimental animals and assessed for the activities of marker enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)], the levels of lipid peroxide products [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (HP) and conjugated dienes (CD)], myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol, ester cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids (PL)], and membrane-bound ATPase enzymes (total ATPase, Na(+)K(+) ATPase, Ca(2 +) ATPase, and Mg(2 +) ATPase). Troponin T and I were estimated in plasma. Leakage of cardiac markers, elevated lipid peroxidation with increased lipid profiles and decreased activities of membrane-bound ATPase enzymes were confirmed the severe myocardial damage occurring as a consequence of isoproterenol-induced ischemia, and they also showed the significant improvement effected by oleanolic acid pretreatment. These findings provided evidence that oleanolic acid was found to be protecting rat myocardium against ischemic insult and the protective effect could attribute to its anti-oxidative, anti-hyperlipedemic, and anti-arrhythmic properties as well as its membrane-stabilizing action.
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PMID:Cardioprotective effect of oleanolic acid on isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. 1745 91

Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA, Depo-Provera) is used in more than 80 countries as a long-acting contraceptive administered as a single intramuscular(i.m) injection of 150 mg/3 months. The present study was set up to investigate the effects of DMPA on 80 average Egyptian women classified into four groups comprising those using the drug for one, two, three and four years, respectively, compared to a control group (N = 20) of married non-hormonally - treated women of similar ages. The drug showed a transient significant elevation of alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT)without an apparent effect on other liver indices, namely total bilirubin (T.Bil) level,aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. Only the low density/high density lipoproteins cholesterol ratio (LDLC/HDLC) was gradually and non-significantly (ns) increased in comparison to control group, however, neither total cholesterol (TC) nor triglycerides (TG) were affected by the drug. The lipid peroxide product malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly elevated in an gradual manner with a corresponding decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), without any change in blood nitric oxide (NO) levels. It can be concluded that DMPA may be considered as a safe contraceptive medication for the studied group of women, but that special care should be exercised for cardiovascular, hepatic and other patients more sensitive to the harmful effects of free radicals. Alternatively, supportive medications are advisable for each exposed case to secure against the possible irreversible adverse effects of the drug by continuous use. In addition, annual re-evaluation is much more advisable despite the proven safety of the drug.
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PMID:Oxidative stress, lipid profile and liver functions in average Egyptian long term depo medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) users. 1800 80

Intake of tea flavonoids has been reported to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate the preventive effect of (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on heart weight, cardiac marker enzymes, membrane-bound ATPases and electrolytes in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarcted (MI) Wistar rats. Rats subcutaneously administered ISO 100 mgkg(-1) at intervals of 24 h for 2 days resulted in significant increases in heart weight and the activities of cardiac marker enzymes such as creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in serum, and significant decreases in the activities of these enzymes in the myocardium. ISO injection also increased levels of LDH isoenzymes (LDH 1 and LDH 2). The activity of Na+/K+ ATPase was decreased significantly and the activities of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPases were increased significantly in ISO-induced MI rats. Furthermore, the levels of potassium were lowered and the levels of sodium and calcium were increased in ISO-induced MI rats. Prior treatment with EGCG (10, 20 and 30 mgkg(-1)) daily for a period of 21 days reduced the effects of ISO on heart weight, activities of cardiac marker enzymes and membrane bound-ATPases and levels of LDH 1 and LDH 2 and electrolytes. Thus, EGCG exhibits beneficial effects on these enzymes and electrolytes. The observed effects may be due to the antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects of EGCG in ISO-induced MI rats.
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PMID:(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) prevents isoprenaline-induced cardiac marker enzymes and membrane-bound ATPases. 1825 Oct 87

Apoptosis plays a pivotal role in portal tract damage of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an apoptotic inducer, and it has been reported that the expression of TRAIL receptors is up-regulated by increased bile acid level and the serum level of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) is elevated in PBC patients. In the present study, we investigated the association of TRAIL in peripheral blood with the pathogenesis of PBC and chronic hepatitis B. The expression levels of TRAIL mRNA and protein on leukocytes and sTRAIL in plasma from 27 patients with PBC, 25 with CHB and 30 healthy controls were determined respectively by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA. The expression levels of TRAIL mRNA and protein on leukocytes and plasma sTRAIL were all up-regulated in the patients with PBC and CHB compared to controls. In the two diseased groups, TRAIL mRNA showed significant correlation of both membrane-bound TRAIL (mTRAIL) on monocytes and plasma sTRAIL. So did plasma TNF-alpha. In PBC patients, mTRAIL and sTRAIL correlated well with gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase, but not with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amino-transferase. The opposite case was found in CHB patients. These results suggested that both mTRAIL and sTRAIL might be involved in the development and progression of PBC and CHB in humans, but the mechanisms might be different.
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PMID:Characterisation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in peripheral blood in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 1838 34

ABSTRACT Sustained high levels of circulating catecholamines may induce cardiotoxicity through oxidative mechanisms. Isoproterenol is a synthetic catecholamine with increasing attention owing to this application in cardiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of ursolic acid against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia. Normal Wistar strain rats were pretreated with UA (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, s.c.) for 7 days and then intoxicated with isoproterenol (ISO, 85 mg/kg, s.c. for 2 consecutive days). Hearts were excised from the experimental animals and assessed for the activities of cardiac markers [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)], the levels of lipid peroxide products [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (HPs), and conjugated dienes (CDs)], myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol, ester cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFAs), and phospholipids (PLs)], and membrane-bound enzymes (total ATPase, Na(+)K(+)ATPase, Ca(2+)ATPase, and Mg(2+)ATPase). In ISO-treated group, shrinkage of cardiac markers and elevated lipid peroxidation with compromised lipid profiles in the heart where accompanied by the decreased activities of membrane-bound enzymes. The prior administration of UA significantly (p < 0.05) prevented the isoproterenol-induced alterations and restored the enzymes to near normal. These findings indicate the cardioprotective activities of UA during isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia.
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PMID:Protective effect of ursolic Acid against myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol in rats. 2002 Sep 88


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