Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male rats provided with a 5 or 15% (v/v) ethanol solution as the sole source of fluid consumed ethanol at a rate of 11.4 or 24.9% of total calories (4.2 or 8.3 g/kg daily). After ethanol consumption lasting 1, 2 and 3 weeks the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg i.p.) was elevated by determination of serum activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ( GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and histological investigations. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage was significantly greater in rats provided with ethanol than in the tap-water consuming controls. This potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicicty was fully developed already after a 1-week exposition to ethanol and was greater in the 15% than in the 5% ethanol group. Ethanol alone did not influence serum enzyme activities but increased microsomal aniline hydroxylation. There was, however, no clear-cut parallelism between potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity and activation of aniline hydroxylation.
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PMID:Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity after low-level ethanol consumption. 70

Forty-two hematological and biochemical variables routinely measured in dogs as part of a preoperative protocol have been analyzed for circannual changes by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and single cosinor procedures. Data were available from up to 489 adult mongrel dogs of both sexes studied on weekdays over a 5-year span (January 5, 1987 to December 18, 1991). Dogs were housed in individual cages at 24 +/- 1 degrees C with dog chow and tap water available ad libitum and lights on between 06:00 and 18:00 h. A single blood sample/dog was collected by jugular venipuncture between 08:00 and 09:00 h and sent to a commercial laboratory for hematological and biochemical determinations. Data were assigned to date and time of sampling and analyzed for the effect of time of year by ANOVA (across 12 months and 4 seasons), and by the least-squares fit of a precise 1-year cosine. ANOVA and single cosinor described a significant circannual time effect and rhythm for the following: total leukocytes, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, red cell distribution width, mean platelet volume, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), BUN/creatinine ratio, amylase, glucose, chloride, uric acid, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ALT ratio. A significant effect of season by ANOVA only was found for: Ca, Na, phosphorus, total bilirubin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and neutrophils. No significant time effect could be found at p < or = 0.05 by either statistical method for: K, Mg, Fe, cholesterol, triglycerides, ASP, red blood cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, or platelets. Acrophases occurred for the most part in either the winter or summer.
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PMID:Circannual variations in baseline blood values of dogs. 826 36

Alcoholism is a very important cause of congestive cardiomyopathy in man. The aim of this study was to examine a short-term effect of ethanol in rat cardiac muscle, using histologic, morphometric and biochemical methods. Experiments were carried out in Wistar male albino rats, divided into two groups: the control group consisting of eight animals receiving tap water, and the experimental group comprising eight animals received ethyl alcohol for ten days, in a single daily dose of 3 g ethanol/kg body weight, per os, using esophageal intubation. The mean volume weighted nuclear volume of cardiac myocytes was estimated by point sampled intercept method, by objective x 100. The mean cubed nuclear intercept length was multiplied by pi and divided by 3. For biochemical analysis, a 10% water tissue homogenate from the left ventricle was made. In the experimental group, the mean volume-weighted nuclear volume (15.08 +/- 5.20 microm3) was significantly lower than in the control group (51.32 +/- 7.83 microm3) (p < 0.001). The treatment of experimental animals with ethanol caused significant increase of aldolase (p < 0.0001) and aspartate transaminase (p < 0.05) activity in the rat cardiac tissue; at the same time, the enzyme activity of creatine phosphokinase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were not changed in the experimental group compared to the control values. The amount of the glucose in the cardiac muscle was greater in the experimental group compared to the control animals. Our results suggest that there is depression of cardiomyocyte nuclei in experimental animals treated with ethanol. Alcohol intake results in the loss of Krebs cycle enzymes and as a consequence there is greater utilization of fatty acids for energy production.
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PMID:Morphometric and biochemical characteristics of short-term effects of ethanol on rat cardiac muscle. 1066 13

Daily, light ethanol consumption enhances hepatic regeneration following 70% partial hepatectomy in rats. Whether such consumption has a beneficial effect on the outcome following toxin-induced acute hepatitis has yet to be determined. One hundred ten adult male Spragne-Dawlay rats (200-250 g) were randomized to receive daily gavages with ethanol 1.0 g/kg (light ethanol group), 3.0 g/kg (moderate-heavy ethanol group), or an equal volume of tap water (controls). On day 30, a single injection of D-galactosamine hydrochloride (1.0 g/kg) (D-gal), a potent hepatotoxin that induces liver failure within 24-48 hr, was administered intraperitoneally. Gavages were discontinued and rats killed (N = 4-6/group) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after D-gal. Serum AST, bilirubin, and liver histology served to document the extent of liver injury and [3H] thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA: hepatic regenerative activity. Compared to controls, peak serum AST levels were significantly decreased in the light (-40%, P < 0.05) and increased in the moderate-heavy (+32%, P < 0.05) ethanol groups. Serum bilirubin levels approximately doubled in the light ethanol group while increasing sixfold in the moderate-heavy and control groups (P < 0.05). Histologic evidence of hepatic injury (graded 0-IV) was limited in the light ethanol group, intermediate in controls, and most extensive in the moderate-heavy ethanol group (P < 0.05). Despite less hepatic injury, hepatic regeneration was similar in the light ethanol group compared to controls and significantly impaired in the moderate-heavy ethanol group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that daily, light ethanol administration attenuates hepatic injury, improves hepatic function, and enhances hepatic regeneration following toxin-induced hepatitis in rats.
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PMID:Effects of daily, light and moderate-heavy ethanol exposure on extent of hepatic injury and recovery following toxin-induced acute hepatitis in rats. 1277 92

Among many detrimental injuries, alcohol is implicated in hepatitis, fatty liver, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of bio-active ceramic water on alcohol-induced hepatic injury in pigs. Twelve male Landrace pigs were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were fed with bio-active ceramic water + normal liquid diet, bio-active ceramic water + liquid diet containing 15% ethanol, and tap water + liquid diet containing 15% ethanol for 12 weeks, respectively. For serological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analysis, all pigs were sacrificed at week 12. In group 3, serum ALT and AST levels increased, and mild fatty change and moderate necrosis were detected in the liver. Collagen fibers, myofibroblasts, and CYP2E1 were also increased or activated in group 3. In group 2, there were mild hepatic injuries compared to group 3. However, injuries and activations were not observed in the liver in group 1. We suggest that the bio-active ceramic water used in the present study had protective capability against ethanol-induced hepatic injury and that having no toxic effect on the pig liver. The bio-active ceramic water might be useful as a therapeutic drinking water in patients suffering from alcoholic liver diseases.
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PMID:Protective effects of bio-active ceramic water on alcohol-induced hepatic injury in pigs. 1587 91

Ischemia and reperfusion injury of the skeletal muscle is a common and serious condition observed in patients admitting to peripheral vascular surgery, interventional radiology and cardiology departments. Resveratrol (RVT) being a strong natural antioxidant is found in deal of red wine and Mediterranean diet. In the present study, male Spraque-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups of equal size. The first group was the control group, and these rats were administered with tap water with a gastric tube for fourteen consecutive days once daily. According to the same protocol, the rats in the second group were treated with tap water containing 20 mg/kg RVT. All the rats in the two groups were subjected to acute hind limb ischemia through clamping of the abdominal aorta for 120 min. Following this procedure, 60 minutes of reperfusion was applied by reestablishing blood flow in both iliac arteries. Ischemic damage in the skeletal muscle tissue was assessed by measuring myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase enzymes in venous blood samples obtained at the end of the reperfusion period. Oxidative stress caused by reperfusion was determined by measuring MDA, carbonyl and protein sulphydryl levels in quadriceps muscle tissue retrieved at the end of the experiment. In Group II rats, all the measured ischemic enzymes and the markers of oxidative stress reflected robust anti-ischemic properties obtained by RVT administration. The data from both groups revealed statistically significant protection against acute skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury in Group II rats, compared to Group I. As a major dietary flavonoid RVT can protect the skeletal muscle tissue against global ischemia and reperfusion injury because of its strong antioxidant and cytoprotective properties.
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PMID:Protective effects of resveratrol in ischemia-reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle: A clinically relevant animal model for lower extremity ischemia. 1705 53

Copper (Cu) is an integral part of many important enzymes involved in a number of vital biological processes. Even though Cu is essential to life, it can become toxic to cells, at elevated tissue concentrations. Oxidative damage due to Cu has been reported in recent studies in various tissues. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of excess Cu on oxidative and anti-oxidative substances in brain tissue in a rat model. Sixteen male Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: the control group, which was given normal tap water, and the experimental group, which received water containing Cu in a dose of 1 g/l. All rats were sacrificed at the end of 4 wk, under ether anesthesia. Cu concentration in the liver and in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities were determined. There were multiparameter changes with significant ALT and AST activity elevation and increased liver Cu concentration. In brain tissue, Cu concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione (GSH) concentrations were determined. Brain Cu concentration was significantly higher in rats receiving excess Cu, compared with control rats (p < 0.05). Our results showed that SOD activities and GSH levels in brain tissue of the Cu-intoxicated animals were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.01 and p < 0,001, respectively). The brain MDA levels were found to be significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The present results indicate that excessive Cu accumulation in the brain depressed SOD activities and GSH levels and resulted in high MDA levels in brain homogenate due to the lipid peroxidation induced by the Cu overload.
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PMID:Copper intoxication; antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in rat brain. 1878 8

The purpose of this study carried out on male Wistar rats, was to evaluate the protective effects of regular ingestion of juice from the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) cladodes against nickel chloride toxicity. Rats were given either normal tap water or water containing 25% of cactus juice for one month. Then, rats of each group were injected daily, for 10 days, with either NiCl(2) solution (4mg (30micromol)/kg body weight) or with the same volume of saline solution (300mM NaCl). Significant increases of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities and of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels were observed in blood of nickel-treated rats. In the liver, nickel chloride was found to induce an oxidative stress evidenced by an increase in lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzymes activities. Superoxide-dismutase (SOD) activity was found to be increased whereas glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were decreased. These changes did not occur in animals previously given cactus juice, demonstrating a protective effect of this vegetal extract.
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PMID:Protective effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) cladode extract upon nickel-induced toxicity in rats. 1895 Jun 72

We have currently studied the changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to normal rats in the mass and the endocrine function of abdominal (omental) adipose tissue (AAT). Rats were fed ad libitum a standard commercial chow and tap water, either alone (control diet, CD) or containing fructose (10%, w/vol) (FRD). Three weeks after treatment, circulating metabolic markers and leptin release from adipocytes of AAT were measured. Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in FRD than in CD rats. AAT mass was greater in FRD than in CD rats and their adipocytes were larger, they secreted more leptin and showed impaired insulin sensitivity. While leptin mRNA expression increased in AAT from FRD rats, gene expression of insulin receptor substrate, IRS1 and IRS2 was significantly reduced. Our study demonstrates that administration of a FRD significantly affects insulin sensitivity and several AAT endocrine/metabolic functions. These alterations could be part of a network of interacting abnormalities triggered by FRD-induced oxidative stress at the AAT level. In view of the impaired glucose tolerance observed in FRD rats, these alterations could play a key role in both the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and beta-cell failure.
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PMID:Fructose-rich diet-induced abdominal adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in normal male rats. 1916 36

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract against uranium (U)-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups, each consisting of six animals: Group I (control) received tap water alone, Group II received U at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight, Group III received G. biloba at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, Group IV received G. biloba at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight, Group V received G. biloba (50 mg/kg of body weight) and U (5 mg/kg of body weight), and Group VI received G. biloba (150 mg/kg of body weight) and U (5 mg/kg of body weight) by oral gavage for 5 days. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels were determined to assess liver and kidney function, respectively. Also, liver and kidney samples were taken for the determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and histopathological changes in liver and kidneys were investigated. The results indicated that there was a significant increase (P < .05) in selected serum parameters. Serum AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine levels significantly increased in mice treated with U alone when compared to the other groups. Moreover, U-induced oxidative damage caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant increase in MDA levels of liver and kidney tissues. Treatment with G. biloba produced amelioration in biochemical indices of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity according to Group II. Each dose of G. biloba provided significant protection against U-induced toxicity, and its strongest effect was observed at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight. In vivo results showed that G. biloba extract is a potent protector against U-induced toxicity, and its protective role is dose-dependent.
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PMID:Protective role of Ginkgo biloba against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in uranium-treated mice. 2013 53


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