Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The determination of aminotranferases levels is very useful in the diagnosis of hepatopathies. In recent years, an elevated serum ALT level in blood donors has been associated with an increased risk of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). The purpose of the study was to research the factors associated with elevated ALT levels in a cohort of voluntary blood donors and to evaluate the relationship between increased ALT levels and the development of hepatitis C (HCV) infection. 166 volunteer blood donors with elevated ALT at the time of their first donation were studied. All of the donors were questioned about previous hepatopathies, exposure to hepatitis, exposure to chemicals, use of medication or drugs, sexual behaviour, contact with blood or secretions and their intake of alcohol. Every three months, the serum levels of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, cholesterol, triglyceride and glycemia are assessed over a two year follow-up. The serum thyroid hormone levels as well as the presence of auto-antibodies were also measured. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in all patients with persistently elevated ALT or AST levels. A needle biopsy of liver was performed in 9 donors without definite diagnostic after medical investigation. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies in 116 donors were assayed again the first clinical evaluation. At the end of follow-up period (2 years later) 71 donors were tested again for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. None of donors resulted positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C markers during the follow-up. Of the 116 donors, 101 (87%) had persistently elevated ALT serum levels during the follow-up. Obesity and alcoholism were the principal conditions related to elevated ALT serum levels in 91/101 (90.1%) donors. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus also were associated with increased ALT levels. Only 1/101 (0.9%) had mild chronic active non A-G viral hepatitis and 3/101 (2.9%) had liver biopsy with non-specific reactive hepatitis. The determination of ALT levels was not useful to detect donors infected with HCV at donation in Brazil, including the initial seronegative anti-HCV phase.
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PMID:Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood donors: an assessment of the main associated conditions and its relationship to the development of hepatitis C. 987 34

Chronic occupational exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate-type pesticides significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and causes morbidity. This study on mice was designed to evaluate their amino profile and to identify signs of hepatic dysfunction following their chronic exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides. Laboratory mice were exposed to a formulated mixture of the six organophosphorus pesticides (Dimethoate, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Pirimiphos methyl, Triazophos and Dimethoate) most commonly used in agriculture in this region of the Middle East. Doses (10% of LD50 of the mixture) were given once a week by gavage in corn oil for 7 weeks; the control group was given only corn oil. At the end of the exposure period, mice were culled and blood samples were collected to determine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity, biochemical markers of liver function and concentrations of serum amino acids. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and total serum proteins decreased significantly in the exposed group. Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, ornithine, proline, serine, threonine and valine were significantly increased in the exposed mice, while serum levels of cystine were decreased significantly. There were also non-significant increases in serum alkaline phosphatase, gama-glutamyl transpeptidase and some of the other amino acids. Chronic exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides is associated with decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, hepatic dysfunction and disturbance of amino acids profile. Biochemical indices of hepatocellular injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism may be of value as markers of chronic exposure to such pesticides.
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PMID:Hepatic injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism in mice following prolonged exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. 1002 66

About 50 mg of silver leaf (metallic silver) was given daily by mouth to 30 healthy volunteers for 20 days. A statistically significant hypophospholipidemic, hypotriglyceridemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effect was observed. This was accompanied by a less marked fall in total lipids and significant rise in HDL-cholesterol. In addition, a decrease in plasma enzymes - alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was noted. This was statistically significant for all enzymes except CPK. The safety of ingested silver foil is indicated by absence of pathology in urine and unaltered levels of protein and albumin in the plasma. These observations suggest that silver could be beneficial in conditions like diabetes mellitus, obesity and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Effect of silver leaf on circulating lipids and cardiac and hepatic enzymes. 1023 75

The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine the prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in hepatitis C virus positive (HCV+ve) renal transplant (RT) patients and to evaluate the impact of HGV both on liver function tests, liver histology tests and renal parameters such as the prevalence of acute rejection and renal function. Seventy-one HCV+ve renal transplant patients with a functioning graft for whom a post renal transplant liver biopsy was available, were included. Serum HGV RNA was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction before, at the time of, and after renal transplantation. A total of 21 (30%) of the HCV+ve RT patients had a positive HGV RNA (Group 1); seventeen of these patients (81%) were already HGV RNA+ve when the most recent renal transplantation was performed. The other 4 patients became HGV RNA+ve following renal transplantation. The mean duration of HGV infection was at least 119 +/- 64 months (18-240). Patients in group 1 did not statistically differ from the 50 HGV RNA-ve/HCV+ve RT patients (Group 2) according to sex ratio; time on dialysis; number of blood transfusions; HLA matching; the duration of HCV infection; duration and type of immunosuppression or levels of liver enzymes i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; serum HCV RNA concentration; or frequency of genotype 1b. However, Group 1 patients were statistically younger (41 +/- 10 y compared to 47 +/- 10 y; p = 0.016) than Group 2 patients. Liver histology showed a significantly lower degree of fibrosis in Group 1 (0.4 +/- 0.5) than in Group 2 (1 +/- 1.2; p = 0.02); two patients from Group 2 but none of Group 1 had overt cirrhosis. Conversely, the extent of hepatic inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis was not statistically different between the two groups. The number of patients who experienced at least one acute rejection episode was significantly higher in Group 1 (76.2%) than in Group 2 (46%; p = 0.02), although the difference was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, this study shows that: i) HGV infection was often present when the patients seroconverted for HCV; ii) HGV RNA+ve/HCV+ve RT patients experience acute rejection more frequently than HGV RNA-ve/HCV+ve RT patients; iii) HGV infection seems to have no detrimental effect upon liver enzymes or liver histology in HCV+ve RT patients.
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PMID:[Long-term consequences of co-infection by hepatitis G virus in hepatitis c virus infected kidney transplant patients]. 1041 7

CA 19-9 is a tumour marker which has been used widely in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Elevated levels are associated with advanced disease at presentation and disease progression during follow-up. CA19-9 levels may also be elevated in a variety of other malignant and benign conditions. This study examined the significance and implications of elevated CA19-9 levels. An analysis of all CA19-9 measurements performed over a 4 yr period was undertaken and 204 patients with elevated CA19-9 levels were identified. One hundred and thirty patients (63.7 per cent) had malignant conditions and 74 (36.3 per cent) had benign conditions or no definite cause was found. There was a significant correlation between CA19-9 levels and CEA (r = 0.3137; P < 0.001) as well as alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase. CA19-9 levels were significantly lower in patients with benign pathology than those with malignant pathology. Similar differences were observed for CEA. CA19-9 levels were in fact highest in patients with pancreatic carcinoma (P < 0.05) while no significant differences were observed for CEA. In conclusion CA19-9 may be elevated in both benign as well as malignant conditions and interpretation of CA19-9 results must be made in light of the clinical condition of the patient.
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PMID:Are elevated levels of the tumour marker CA19-9 of any clinical significance?--an evaluation. 1042 94

A strong association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has been observed, but the implications of the viral infection in the metabolism of porphyrins in patients without clinical manifestations of PCT are not known. The levels of porphyrin in plasma and uroporphyrin (URO) and coproporphyrin (COPRO) in 24-hour urine were measured in 156 patients with chronic HCV infection showing no clinical evidence of PCT. Levels of URO higher than the upper limit were observed in 35 of 156 patients (22.4%). The range and the mean values +/- standard deviation were 26-1,196 microg/24 hours and 82 +/- 204 microg/24 hours. Increased levels of COPRO and plasma porphyrin were observed in 12 of 156 patients (7.7%) and 2 of 156 patients (1.3%) respectively. There were no differences between patients with increased URO levels and patients with normal URO levels in terms of gender, age, risk factors for HCV infection, alcohol abuse, or hepatitis B viral infection. Transferrin saturation (p = 0.040), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.006), and alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.040) were significantly higher in patients with abnormal URO than in patients with normal URO. The frequency of cirrhosis was higher, but not significantly different, in patients with increased URO (16.7%) compared with patients with normal URO (3.8%). The authors demonstrated that even without a clinical manifestation of PCT it is possible to detect abnormalities in the metabolism of porphyrins in patients with chronic HCV infection. The implications of these findings deserve additional investigation.
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PMID:Abnormal uroporphyrin levels in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. 1059 35

Seventeen patients with established fasciolosis and ten normal controls were enrolled in the study. The Fasciola patients were divided according to infection intensity into two groups (four patients with high intensity and thirteen patients with low intensity) as assessed by egg counts coupled with ultrasonography for detection of worms in the biliary system. Aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT) levels were similar to those of the controls, within the accepted normal limits, before and after treatment denoting absence of hepatocellular injury. Total serum bile acids, individual bile acids: cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) were significantly higher among all patients as compared to the controls denoting a degree of cholestatic lesion in those patients. Patients with high infection intensity revealed higher parameters than those with low intensity. The difference was not significant. One month after treatment, there was a significant improvement in the cholestasis indicating parameters in all Fasciola cases compared to the pretreatment ones. This indicates the effective role of the drug on the hepatobiliary function. However, the levels were still different from the controls. In Fasciola infection, total and individual serum bile acids in conjunction with GGT and SAP evaluate the hepatobiliary status and detect any minor abnormalities especially in anicteric subjects. Studied after treatment, they can be useful indices for assessment of the improvement.
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PMID:Human fasciolosis: a study on the relation of infection intensity and treatment to hepatobiliary affection. 1060 89

The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) was evaluated in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver necrosis was produced by administering single dose of paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.). The liver damage was evidenced by elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and by histopathological observations of liver sections. Aqueous A. indica leaf extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced these elevated levels of AST, ALT and gamma-GT. Paracetamol induced liver necrosis was also found to be reduced as observed macroscopically and histologically.
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PMID:Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf aqueous extract on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. 1091 97

In this study, we examined whether levels of P4501A mRNA expression were naturally induced in feral fish, Liza saliens, and whether CYP1A protein levels and associated enzyme activity, EROD, were also increased. Induction of mRNA was measured using a nucleic acid hybridization technique. For the hybridization studies, a new 33-mer oligonucleotide probe 5'-dCTC ATC CAG CTT CCT GTC CTC GCA GTG ATC AAT-3' was designed, which corresponded to the totally conserved amino acid motif of CYP1A protein from positions 291 to 301 among the various fish species. Results of Northern blot analysis revealed that RNA isolated from the liver of mullet collected from the highly contaminated region of Izmir Bay with a dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbon content of 12.45 microg l(-1) gave a strong hybridization signal, whereas only a weak hybridization signal was detected in the liver RNA of fish caught from the reference site containing less than 1 microg l(-1) of petroleum hydrocarbons. Similarly, fish from the contaminated site had approximately 80 times more EROD activity than the feral fish captured from the reference site. Studies using polyclonal antibodies produced against purified mullet CYP1A also showed the similar trend. In conclusion, feral leaping mullet caught from contaminated water displayed induction of CYP1A at three levels of expression, namely, mRNA, apoprotein and catalytic activity.
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PMID:Induced CYP1A mRNA, protein and catalytic activity in the liver of feral fish, leaping mullet, Liza saliens. 1123 41

Three novel DRB3* alleles were identified using CANTYPE reverse hybridization assay. The initial unusual hybridization patterns of DRB3-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA from each subject were confirmed by cloning and sequencing analysis. DRB3*0106 allele is identical to DRB3*0101 except for a single nucleotide substitution (CTG-->GTG) changing codon 38 from Leu to Val. This polymorphism is commonly found in DRB3*03 alleles. Compared with DRB3*0202, DRB3*02022 contains a single silent nucleotide substitution (AAT-->AAC, both encoding for Asn) at codon 77. This polymorphism is also present in DRB3*0204 allele. The new DRB3*0107 allele has a sequence unique to DRB3 alleles. From codon 5 to codon 36 the sequence is identical to that of DRB3*0101 allele. From codon 37 to codon 87 the sequence of DRB1*0107 allele is identical to that of DRB3*0202. This sequence would thus explain the CANTYPE(R) DRB3-specific unusual pattern of reactions. The new DRB3*0107 could have arisen from a gene conversion between DRB3*0101 and DRB3*0202 alleles, but the DRB3*0106 and the DRB3*02022 may have been generated by a point mutation event. The DRB3*0107 allele was identified in a Caucasoid individual. The ethnic origin of the subjects carrying the other two alleles are unknown. The three alleles presented here were only identified once, in a total population of 49,000.
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PMID:Identification of three new DRB3* (DRB3*0106, DRB3*0107 and DRB3*02022) alleles. 1138 Sep 56


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