Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oak poisoning occurred in crossbred cattle due to eating immature tender oak (Quercus incana) leaves. Mortality was 70%. The animals exhibited anorexia, severe constipation and brisket edema. The feces were hard, pelleted and coated with blood and mucous. Significant reductions in blood hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and significant elevations in serum bilirubin were observed. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were greatly increased. There was bilirubinuria, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypocalcemia, and greatly increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The levels of tannins and condensed tannins were 97.7 mg tannic acid equivalent and 5.8 mg catechin equivalent/g of dry leaves. There was extensive nephro- and hepatotoxicity in the affected cattle due to hydrolysable tannins and simple phenols in the oak leaves.
 ...
PMID:Oak (Quercus incana) leaf poisoning in cattle. 150 80

Serum chemistry values were obtained from 64 adult San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in western Kern County, California (USA). The goal of the study was to establish normal chemistry values for this endangered species. No significant differences were found for mean values of alanine aminotransferase (217.1 IU/l), alkaline phosphatase (44.2 IU/l), cholesterol (145.6 mg/dl), total protein (5.8 g/dl), creatinine (0.63 mg/dl), calcium (8.2 mg/dl), albumin (3.0 g/dl), glucose (129.2 mg/dl), amylase (196.8 IU/l), sodium (153.7 mEq/l) and phosphorus (5.42 mg/dl) between sexes or seasons. Significant differences were noted for aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and potassium between seasons. Possible disturbances in normal hepatic and renal functions were noted.
 ...
PMID:Serum chemistry values of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). 151 73

Groups of 20 rats and 20 mice of each sex were administered monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) once daily, 5 days per week, in water by gavage for up to 13 weeks. Doses used were 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg/kg for rats and 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg for mice. Compound-related deaths occurred at the four highest dose levels in rats and at the highest dose level in mice. Mean body weights of treated groups of rats and mice surviving until the end of the study were similar to those of the controls. A dose-related increase in blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, as well as a dose-related increase in the relative liver and kidney weights was observed in rats but not in mice. A dose-related increase in the incidence and severity of cardiomyopathy occurred in rats. This lesion may be related to the inhibition of heart mitochondrial aconitase activity. No compound-related lesions were observed in mice. The results of this study indicate that F344 rats are more sensitive than B6C3F1 mice; sexes within the species were equally sensitive. The no-observable-effect level was estimated as 30 mg MCAA/kg body weight for rats and 100 mg MCAA/kg body weight for mice.
 ...
PMID:Toxicity of monochloroacetic acid administered by gavage to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice for up to 13 weeks. 153 74

We investigated the early changes of tubules and effect of the oral adsorbent, AST-120, on the early changes of tubules in rats with chronic renal failure. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups with and without AST-120, after 3/4 nephrectomy. Although there were no significant differences in levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, inulin clearance, para-aminohippuric acid clearance and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase at week 8 between the two groups, the amount of 24-hour urinary protein excretion and the direct systolic blood pressure at week 8 were significantly decreased in the group with AST-120. Examinations by light microscopy at week 8 revealed that proteinaceous casts in the tubules, tubular dilatation and infiltration of monocytes into the interstitium in the group with AST-120 were less prominent than those in the group without AST-120. A significant difference in numbers of proteinaceous casts was noted at week 8 between the two groups. In rats with chronic renal failure at the early stage, it is concluded that the formation of proteinaceous casts, resulting in tubular damage, is increased and that AST-120 delays the occurrence of proteinaceous casts by delaying the increase in urinary protein excretion.
 ...
PMID:Early morphological changes of tubules in rats with chronic renal failure. 159 98

An improved understanding of medical problems of alcoholic patients can be gained from commonly encountered laboratory test results. Liver function tests--such as measures of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase--may provide evidence of altered hepatic activity of different types, such as obstruction and hepatocellular injury. Other test results may indicate impaired hepatic function, such as measurements of albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin time, and blood urea nitrogen. Alterations are also common in electrolytes, blood glucose, magnesium, phosphate, uric acid, and acid-base balance. Disturbances in hematologic function are not infrequent in alcoholic patients, including anemias from many causes, altered granulocyte responses, and thrombocytopenia.
 ...
PMID:Clinical significance in alcoholic patients of commonly encountered laboratory test results. 159 68

Egyptian scorpion venom was collected by electrical stimulation of the telson. Rats were injected with the lyophilized venom in 3 different doses (100, 200 and 400 micrograms/kg). Blood samples were drawn by heart puncture before and 4 h after venom administration. Serum was separated and collected for determination of glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid (UA), total proteins, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT), lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Serum glucose, creatinine, GOT, GPT and LDH were increased significantly in all treatments. At the same time serum BUN and CPK were elevated significantly with a dose-response relationship. On the other hand, serum total proteins, uric acid, cholesterol, calcium and potassium were significantly decreased 4 h after administration of the 3 doses. These changes in clinical chemistry parameters are most probably related to the toxic effect of the venom on the target organs.
 ...
PMID:Effect of scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (H&E) venom on the clinical chemistry parameters of the rat. 160 45

Two isoenzymic forms of aspartate aminotransferase are present in the plant fraction of developing lupin root nodules. One of these forms, aspartate aminotransferase-P2 (AAT-P2), increases dramatically with the onset of biological nitrogen fixation and is associated with the assimilation of ammonia by the plant in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. A day 18 lupin nodule cDNA library in the lambda ZapII vector was immunoscreened with a monoclonal antibody specific for AAT-P2 and yielded two near-full-length 1700 bp clones. These clones were sequenced. Amino acid sequences from three peptides derived from immunopurified AAT-P2 were aligned, and showed 100% homology with the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA clones. The DNA sequence showed 50% homology with AAT sequences from a range of animal sources. Conversion of the clones to the phagemid form allowed their expression in Escherichia coli where both exhibited enzyme activity that could be immunoprecipitated with AAT-P2-specific monoclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis revealed protein moieties with molecular masses of 39, 43, 45 and 55 kDa. The 5' end of the clones coded for a hydrophobic leader sequence of about 50 amino acids indicative of a targeting sequence and consistent with the plastid localisation of nodule AAT-P2.
 ...
PMID:Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding aspartate aminotransferase-P2 from lupin root nodules. 162 92

Stereochemical studies of three pyridoxal phosphate dependent decarboxylases and serine hydroxymethyltransferase have allowed the dispositions of conjugate acids that operate at the C alpha and C-4' positions of intermediate quinoids to be determined. Kinetic work with the decarboxylase group has determined that two different acids are involved, a monoprotic acid and a polyprotic acid. The use of solvent kinetic isotope effects allowed the resolution of chemical steps in the reaction coordinate profile for decarboxylation and abortive transamination and pH-sensitivities gave the molecular pKa of the monoprotic base. Thus the epsilon-ammonium group of the internal aldimine-forming lysine residue operates at C-4'-si-face of the coenzyme and the imidazolium side chain of an active site histidine residue protonates at C alpha from the 4'-si-face. Histidine serves two other functions, as a base in generating nitrogen nucleophiles during both transaldimination processes and as a binding group for the alpha-carboxyl group of substrates. The latter role for histidine was determined by comparison of the sequences for decarboxylase active site tetrapeptides (e.g. -S-X-H-K-) with that for aspartate aminotransferase (e.g. -S-X-A-K-) where it was known, from X-ray studies, that the serine and lysine residues interact with the coenzyme. By using the Dunathan Postulate, the conformation of the external aldimine was modified, and without changing the tetrapeptide conformation, the alanine residue was altered to a histidine. This model for the active site of a pyridoxal dependent decarboxylase was consistent with all available stereochemical and mechanistic data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A structural and mechanistic comparison of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent decarboxylase and transaminase enzymes. 167 32

Methanosarcina barkeri was able to grow on L-alanine and L-glutamate as sole nitrogen sources. Cell yields were 0.5 g/l and 0.7 g/l (wet wt), respectively. The mechanism of ammonia assimilation in Methanosarcina barkeri strain MS was studied by analysis of enzyme activities. Activity levels of nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in extracts of cells grown on different nitrogen sources (ammonia, 0.05-100 mM; L-alanine, 10 mM; L-glutamate, 10 mM) were compared. Activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase could be measured in cells grown on these three nitrogen sources. Alanine dehydrogenase was not detected under the growth conditions used. None of the measured enzyme activities varied significantly in response to the NH4+ concentration. The length of the poly-gamma-glutamyl side chain of F420 derivatives turned out to be independent of the concentration of ammonia in the culture medium.
 ...
PMID:Ammonia assimilation and glutamate incorporation in coenzyme F420 derivatives of Methanosarcina barkeri. 167 22

An increased aspartate transaminase in the liver of dietary (post-cafeteria) obese rats was found. It was consistent with the functionality of the malate-aspartate shuttle, that could be responsible for enhancement of metabolic efficiency. The muscle and intestine of obese rats showed a greater capacity for alanine and glutamine synthesis than the controls. Furthermore, enterocyte adaptations in the obese rats indicated higher capabilities for the intake of nitrogen than in the controls. In conclusion, the pattern of amino-acid enzyme activities reflected adaptations to keep from amino nitrogen depletion in dietary obesity which were compatible with an enhancement of the metabolic efficiency.
 ...
PMID:Dietary obesity shows adaptations of amino-acid metabolism on enzyme activities to save amino nitrogen. 168 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>