Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The rapid weight decrease at the beginning of strict slimming regimens leads often to an inconsiderate shortening of these cures. Our long-term experience with a slimming regimen lasting 13 days based on diet (3.7 MJ) and 4 hours of supervised exercise of low to moderate intensity was omitted by the organizers. They shortened the cure to 8 days. We checked therefore a group of obese women on the first, eight and twelfth day in the course of this regimen. A statistically significant decrease of serum insulin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine and cholesterol was observed on the twelfth day. These trends were not significant on the eighth day. On the other hand, the step-test revealed on the eighth day a reduction of the heart rate during recovery. Nevertheless, a higher level of significance was obtained after 12 days. No significant response to the regimen was obtained in the case of blood glucose, thyroxine, cortisol, uric acid, AST and ALT. The advantages of the 12-day regimen are discussed--especially the decrease of insulinemia, because hyperinsulinemia is responsible for several complications of obesity. The importance of the decrease of cholesterolaemia and the modification of heart rate after a load was also stressed. These favourable effects are not depreciated by a smaller weight loss in the second week due to an enhanced protein synthesis, stimulated by exercise and supported by a decrease of T3 which protects the organism against energy deficit.
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PMID:Hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular response to the duration of a combined slimming regimen. 180 33

The rapid weight decrease at the beginning of strict slimming regimens leads often to an inconsiderate shortening of these cures. Our long-termed experience with a slimming regimen lasting 13 days and based on diet (3.7 MJ) and 4 hours of supervised exercise of low to moderate intensity was omitted by the organizers. They shortened the cure to 8 days. We checked therefore a group of obese women on the first, eighth and twelfth day in the course of this regimen. A statistically significant decrease of serum insulin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine and cholesterol was observed on the twelfth day. These trends were not significant on the eighth day. On the other hand, the step-test has shown on the eighth day a reduction of the heart rate during recovery. Nevertheless, a higher level of significance was obtained after a cure of 12 days. No significant response to the regimen was obtained in the case of blood glucose, thyroxine, cortisol, uric acid, AST and ALT. The advantages of the 12 day regimen were discussed--especially the decrease of insulinemia, because hyperinsulinemia is responsible for several complications of obesity. The importance of the decrease of cholesterolemia and the modification of heart rate after a load was also stressed. These favourable effects should not be depreciated by a smaller weight decrease on the second week due to an enhanced synthesis of proteins, stimulated by exercise and supported by a decrease of T3 which brings a protection against energy defficiency.
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PMID:[The effect of the duration of a weight reduction regimen on the hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular response]. 224 39

1. The activities of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the concentrations of citrate, ammonia, amino acids, glycogen, glucose 6-phosphate, acetyl-CoA, lactate and pyruvate were measured in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 2. In kidney cortex of diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats the activities of glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) and phosphopyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.32) were increased. 3. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.10) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) were increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats. In growth hormone-treated rats the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was depressed but those of the other three enzymes were unchanged. 4. The activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) was not altered in any of these conditions. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity was depressed only in growth hormone-treated rats. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) activity was depressed in cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats but unchanged in diabetic rats. 5. Amino acids, acetyl-CoA and glucose 6-phosphate contents were increased in rat kidneys in all these three conditions. Ammonia content was increased in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but was markedly diminished in growth hormone-treated rats. 6. The [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio was elevated in diabetic and cortisone-treated rats but unchanged in growth hormone-treated rats. Citrate content was increased in the kidney cortex of diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was unchanged in cortisone-treated rats. The activity of ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats but was increased in cortisone-treated rats. 7. Glycogen content was moderately elevated in growth hormone-treated rats and markedly elevated in diabetic rats, whereas no change in glycogen content was observed in cortisone-treated rats. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) activity was unchanged in all these three conditions. Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity was not affected in cortisone-treated rats but was depressed in diabetic and growth hormone-treated rats.
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PMID:Evaluation of the rate-limiting steps in the pathway of glucose metabolism in kidney cortex of normal, diabetic, cortisone-treated and growth hormone-treated rats. 434 56

Plasma glucagon and growth hormone concentrations were measured fasting and after oral glucose in 19 patients with portal vein block with extensive portal-systemic shunting but minimal liver cell damage, 11 cirrhotic patients and 12 matched control subjects. Portal vein block patients and controls had similar fasting glucose and glucagon levels (glucose 3.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/l VS control 3.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (mean +/- SEM); glucagon 57.5 +/- 9.1 pg/ml VS control 51.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml). Cirrhotic patients were hyperglycaemic (cirrhosis 4.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l VS control 3.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, p < 0.01) with significantly elevated glucagon levels (167.3 +/- 61.1 pg/ml VS control 51.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml, p < 0.05), which suppressed towards control values after oral glucose. There was no correlation between fasting plasma glucagon levels and the degree of portal-systemic shunting in cirrhotic patients. There was a strong correlation between fasting plasma glucagon concentrations and aspartate transaminase levels (r = 0.68; p < 0.01) in cirrhotic and portal vein block patients. Significant elevations of growth hormone were seen only in cirrhotic patients. It is concluded that hyperglucagonaemia is a feature of hepatocellular damage rather than portal-systemic shunting but the relationship between elevated glucagon and growth hormone concentrations and carbohydrate intolerance in cirrhosis remains unclear.
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PMID:Hyperglucagonaemia in cirrhosis. Relationship to hepatocellular damage. 741 64

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.
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PMID:Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes 932 Mar 94

The rdw rat is a new strain of dwarf mutant that has decreased blood thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations and testicular enlargement during development and aging. To confirm whether this strain can be used as a new hypothyroid model, the experiments reported here were carried out, using adult rdw rats, rdw rats treated with thyroxine, and clinically normal (N) Wistar-Imamichi rats. Clinical parameters of deficient thyroid function in rdw rats were chosen for evaluation and characterization. Body weight, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct), glucose (GLU), and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower, and serum values for aspartate transaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were higher in rdw than in N rats. Serum concentrations of total T4 and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were significantly lower, and serum thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) concentration was markedly higher in rdw than in N rats. Serum GH concentration was significantly lower in rdw than in N rats. Results of histologic examination indicated that the thyroid gland of rdw rats was markedly atrophied, compared with that of N rats. Results of clinical examination of organs and hematologic and biochemical values in rdw rats corresponded to those of the hypothyroid state in humans. Most organ weights (heart, kidney, spleen, and adrenal gland), hematologic and biochemical values (Hb, Hct TC, TP, BUN), blood pressure, and serum hormone (TSH and GH) values underwent substantial restoration (partial or complete) toward normal in response to replacement therapy. In conclusion, the rdw rat is a useful model of congenital hypothyroidism.
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PMID:Evaluation and characterization of congenital hypothyroidism in rdw dwarf rats. 1009 64

The specific activities of three lipogenic enzymes, malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), in liver and heart and two transaminases (AST & ALT) in liver and muscle, were studied in response to the in vivo and in vitro administration of growth hormone (GH) in a teleost Anabas testudineus. Ovine growth hormone (oGH) in vivo significantly reduced the activities of lipogenic enzymes, except for heart G6PDH, which showed an increase at the highest dose of hormone. Transaminase activity either increased or decreased depending on the dose of GH. The lowest dose of hormone employed (0.1 microg/gm b/w) exhibited a stimulatory effect and the highest dose (0.5 microg/gm. b/w) an inhibitory effect on transaminase activity. Both ovine GH and carp GH (oGH and cGH) in vitro significantly reduced the activities of ME, G6PDH and ICDH. Activities of AST and ALT were increased by oGH and cGH in vitro. The present study reveals that irrespective of origin, GH in vitro has a direct inhibitory effect on lipogenic enzymes ME, G6PDH, ICDH and a stimulatory effect on transaminases AST and ALT in A. testudineus, thus favoring gluconeogenesis.
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PMID:Studies on the effect of growth hormone in vivo and in vitro on lipogenic enzymes and transaminases in a teleost Anabas testudineus (BLOCH). 1059 27

Acute liver injury induced by CCl4 injection (0.5 ml/kg b.w.) was compared between Mini and Wistar rats. Mini rats (Jcl:Wistar-TgN (ARGHGEN)1Nts strain) are Wistar-derived transgenic animals in which the expression of growth hormone (GH) gene is suppressed by the presence of an antisense transgene. The hepatic lesion appeared earlier and its recovery was delayed in Mini rats compared to in Wistar rats. The degree of the liver injury was more severe in Mini rats than in Wistar rats, and this corresponded well with the changes in serum AST level. Moreover, in accordance with the localization of CYP2E1-positive hepatocytes in the early stage after CCl4 treatment, the initial lesion characterized by ballooning of hepatocytes developed in the centrilobular zone in Wistar rats while it appeared in the middle zone in Mini rats. The changes in the percentage of PCNA-positive cells and the levels of HGF and TGF-beta1 mRNAs were clearly different between the two strains. These results indicate that the response of the liver to CCl4 is different between GH-suppressed Mini rats and Wistar rats.
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PMID:Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in Mini and Wistar rats. 1137 Jul 28

Unthrifty calves occurred sporadically in Japanese Black (beef cattle) in an area in northeastern Japan. The states of unthrifty development, pedigree, clinico-biochemistry and the secretory function of bovine growth hormone (bGH) in pituitary were investigated. The total cholesterol concentration and CK, AST and LDH activities in the serum showed higher values than those of control calves. Basal bGH concentrations in the serum and bGH secretory reactivity in the insulin tolerance test (ITT) were showed to be significantly lower than those of the control calves. Furthermore, sperm donated from a specific bull had been used for these unthrifty calves. This study suggested that the present occurrence of unthrifty calves represented ateliosis possibly caused by congenital hypopituitarism which decreased of bGH secretory function.
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PMID:Occurrence of ateliosis in Japanese Black calves and their secretory function of growth hormone. 1453 3

Two dose response trials were conducted with piglets and chickens to study the effects of increasing amounts of ergot (Claviceps purpurea) with a defined alkaloid content and pattern on performance, biochemical serum characteristics and organ weights (of chickens). The ergot was mixed into the cereal-soybean meal based diets at levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg. The total alkaloid content of the ergot was analysed to be 2775 mg/kg and showed the following composition: ergometrine 8.1%, ergotamine 5.4%, ergocomine 3.2%, alpha-ergocryptine 1.9%, ergocristine 14.9% and residue 66.5%. Each treatment was tested with eight castrated male and eight female piglets over a period of 35 days (8 kg initial live weight) and 28 male chickens for 21 days (43 g initial live weight). Cumulative daily dry matter intake and live weight gain [g/d] were 595, 535, 560, 577 and 490 and 413, 399, 420, 443 and 347 for the piglets fed the unsupplemented control diet and the diets containing 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g ergot per kg, respectively. Feed intake and live weight gain of the piglets fed the highest ergot supplemented diet were significantly decreased. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of the 4 g ergot treatment was significantly increased. Also serum albumin concentrations showed significant linear alterations. Serum activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total protein and porcine growth hormone were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. The experiment with chickens demonstrated no significant effects on performance due to dietary ergot exposure. The serum activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment while serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and the concentrations of albumin and total bilirubin were significantly affected. Heart weights showed a significant linear decrease due to ergot feeding. According to these results, piglets seemed to react more sensitively on the occurrence of ergot in the diet as compared to chickens. The critical level of total ergot alkaloids for piglets seemed to be in the range from 5.6 mg to 11.1 mg/kg diet for the present study. Ergot effects on signs of inflammation in the proximal duodenum occurred in chickens fed diets containing 2.8 mg and 11.1 mg total ergot alkaloids/kg although live performance remained unaffected. Further studies are necessary to define the critical level of ergot alkaloids in dependence on alkaloid pattern.
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PMID:Comparative studies on the effect of ergot contaminated feed on performance and health of piglets and chickens. 1608 Mar 3


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