Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A daily dosage of vanadate (0.9 mgV/kg) injected subcutaneously for 16 days to adult rats produced significant changes in blood cells and serum elements. The hematological changes included an increase in white blood cell count at two days after the last injection. At five days, red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV) were low. At 12 days, there were reductions in RBC, hemoglobin, PCV, and lymphocyte counts and an increase in polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) counts. At 25 days, RBC, hemoglobin, and PCV were still low. At 40 days, the only change was a reduction in RBC. Changes in the serum at two days posttreatment were a reduction in lactic dehydrogenase activity (LDH), alkaline phosphatase activity (AP), calcium, albumin, and total protein and an increase in cholesterol. At five days, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), inorganic phosphate, and total protein were low and calcium was high. At 12 days, GOT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and LDH were reduced, and the levels of calcium and cholesterol were elevated. At 25 days, there was a reduction in GPT and LDH and an increase in glucose, calcium, and albumin. At 40 days, the levels of GOT, LDH, AP, and inorganic phosphate were still low. Vanadate at lower dosage levels (0.3-0.6 mg V/kg per day for 16 days) also produced significant changes in blood cellular and serum elements but at lesser degrees of severity. These findings show that the exposure of rats repeatedly to low levels of Vanadate caused anemia, elevation in blood cholesterol levels, and a reduction in serum enzymes activities.
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PMID:Time and dose-response study of the effects of vanadate in rats: changes in blood cells, serum enzymes, protein, cholesterol, glucose, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. 226 84

This investigation presents disturbances of the mitochondrial metabolism by arsenite, a hydrophilic dithiol reagent known as an inhibitor of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases. Arsenite at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mM was shown to induce a considerable oxidation of intramitochondrial NADPH, NADH, and glutathione without decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The oxidation of NAD(P)H required the presence of phosphate and was sensitive to ruthenium red, but occurred without the addition of calcium salts. Mitochondrial reactions producing alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate and isocitrate were modulated by arsenite through various mechanisms: (i) both glutamate transaminations, with oxaloacetate and with pyruvate, were inhibited by accumulating alpha-ketoglutarate; however, at low concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate the aspartate aminotransferase reaction was stimulated due to the increase of NAD+ content; (ii) the oxidation of isocitrate was stimulated at its low concentration only, due to the oxidation of NADPH and NADH; this oxidation was prevented by concentrations of citrate or isocitrate greater than 1 mM; (iii) the conversion of isocitrate to citrate was suppressed, presumably as a result of the decrease of Mg2+ concentration in mitochondria. Thus the depletion of mitochondrial vicinal thiol groups in hydrophilic domains disturbs the mitochondrial metabolism not only by the inhibition of alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases but also by the oxidation of NAD(P)H and, possibly, by the change in the ion concentrations.
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PMID:A complex effect of arsenite on the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate in rat liver mitochondria. 227 50

Short-course 'sprint' triathlons have become popular in recent years, often as a precursor to the longer full-course triathlons. We undertook a study investigating the haematological and biochemical changes that occur in novice triathletes between the start and finish and after each of the three legs of a short sprint triathlon involving swimming, cycling and running. The changes that occurred in the triathlon included a significant (P less than 0.003) decrease in weight from 71.7 kg, SD 7.9 to 70.3 kg, SD 7.6. Throughout the time span of the triathlon, the white blood cell count increased significantly (P less than 0.001), as did the platelet count (P less than 0.005) and plateletcrit (P less than 0.001). There were no significant changes during the period of the race in any of the other haematological variables measured. The biochemical variables measured were glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, calcium, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase. Triglyceride, calcium and potassium values did not change between the pre- and post-race samplings. All other biochemical parameters showed a significant change (P less than 0.05 or better). Changes that occurred in the haematological and biochemical parameters between stages were many and varied. There was also a significant change in plasma volume during the swimming event (P less than 0.001), but this returned to normal during the later stages of the triathlon. In conclusion the changes that occurred during the triathlon were many and were similar to those reported elsewhere in the literature for longer events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hematological and biochemical changes during a short triathlon competition in novice triathletes. 228 4

Quality-control (QC) procedures (i.e., decision rules used, numbers of control measurements collected per run) have been selected for individual tests of a multitest analyzer, to see that clinical or "medical usefulness" requirements for quality are met. The approach for designing appropriate QC procedures includes the following steps: (a) defining requirements for quality in the form of the "total allowable analytical error" for each test, (b) determining the imprecision of each measurement procedure, (c) calculating the medically important systematic and random errors for each test, and (d) assessing the probabilities for error detection and false rejection for candidate control procedures. In applying this approach to the Hitachi 737 analyzer, a design objective of 90% (or greater) detection of systematic errors was met for most tests (sodium, potassium, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) by use of 3.5s control limits with two control measurements per run (N). For the remaining tests (albumin, chloride, total CO2, calcium), requirements for QC procedures were more stringent, and 2.5s limits (with N = 2) were selected.
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PMID:Selection of medically useful quality-control procedures for individual tests done in a multitest analytical system. 230 66

Selected serum constituents were analyzed from 50 adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) of both sexes during several stages of reproduction: pre-egg laying, egg laying, incubating, molting, and postreproductive. Similar assays were conducted on sera from ducklings aged 5 to 58 days. Values for total protein (TPR), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), calcium (CA), phosphorus (PHOS) and magnesium (MG) differed by sex. When all data were combined and analyzed for sex-related differences within each reproductive condition separately, all assays except lactate dehydrogenase (LD-L), cholinesterase (CHE), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CRN) and direct bilirubin (BIDI) differed between sexes during one or more reproductive periods. Each assay showed differences among the various reproductive conditions regardless of gender. The pattern of change differed between sexes. All assays except ALB, GLU, CA and MG showed age-related changes. Lipemia in the sample interfered with all chemistries except TPR, LD-L and CA. Results indicate that when using clinical chemistry as a diagnostic tool in the mallard, age and reproductive condition should be determined in order to compare the data to appropriate control values.
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PMID:Changes in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) serum chemistry due to age, sex, and reproductive condition. 230 2

As part of a study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection 44 cattle were infected by the intravenous injection of virulent virus. Thirty-eight animals responded clinically and detailed haematological and serological data were obtained from 10 of them. Inappetence was the only clinical sign observed before the onset of fever. The temperature response was characteristically biphasic, with the second peak occurring 12 to 24 hours after the first. The only consistent haematological response was an increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils with a concurrent decline in the numbers of mononuclear leucocytes. There were no detectable changes in plasma or blood volume, packed cell volume, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and creatinine concentrations, or aspartate aminotransferase activity. Viraemia was demonstrated on either the first or second day of clinical disease and lasted for at most 48 hours. Low levels of neutralising antibody could be detected within one or two days after the cessation of viraemia. Six antibody-free animals did not respond clinically to injection with virulent virus, and did not develop detectable viraemia or a serum neutralising antibody response.
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PMID:Clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 230 90

We defined age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 19 biologic variables in serum samples from healthy children, 1 to 22 years of age, using common laboratory equipment. Upper and lower reference intervals were defined as the estimated 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the distribution. For variables (y) that varied with age, the relationship of y to age was modeled with polynomial regression. Parametric percentile estimates specific to each age were then calculated as the predicted y value +/- 1.96 . SD, in which SD = the standard deviation of the residuals. For variables not associated with age, the nonparametric 2.5 and 97.5 sample percentiles were used to define the reference intervals. No significant age or sex differences were found for serum sodium, total protein, glucose, direct bilirubin, or albumin. Potassium, chloride, and urea showed constant values in children that were higher than adult values in the case of potassium and chloride and lower than adult values in the case of urea. No sex-related differences were seen for these analytes. Creatinine, uric acid, and bicarbonate showed an upward trend in values with increasing age, whereas aspartate aminotransferase, phosphorus, and total and ionized calcium showed a downward trend with increasing age. Sex-related differences were noted for these analytes. The immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) showed an upward trend with increasing age, with no sex-related differences except for IgM in children.
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PMID:Pediatric reference intervals for 19 biologic variables in healthy children. 231 24

The importance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism for the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies is still obscure. Therefore 52 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were subjected to detailed cardiological and laboratory examinations. Twenty-five age matched healthy subjects served as controls. The following indicators were assessed: calcium and its ionized fraction, phosphorus, chlorides and magnesium in serum and 24 h urine, as well as AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, urea, creatinine, protein electrophoresis (to check calcium values with regard to serum albumins), endogenous creatinine clearance, Palmer's chloride phosphate index and Nordin's index. In addition to tubular phosphate reabsorption, the renal phosphate threshold was assessed and finally the parathormone blood level by the RIA method. In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a significant increase of the parathormone level was found--in a total of seven patients with advanced myocardial hypertrophy (more than 30 mm). There were no significant differences in the remaining parameters. It may thus be admitted that in some instances the increased parathormone level may cause an increase of the already existing myocardial hypertrophy. However, in the broad spectrum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy it is not suited for explaining morphological findings.
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PMID:[Are there abnormalities of parathormone, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?]. 237 75

The role of oyster shell as calcium supplement in the utilization of gossypol-containing cottonseed cake (CSC) was assessed using Hypeco broiler chickens. The results showed that of the organ measured, only the relative weight of the spleen was significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased by oyster shell supplementation in the CSC diets. Spleen weight correlated negatively (r = -0.45) with dietary calcium. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased due to the levels of oyster shell supplemented while the activities of serum and liver alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not significantly influenced. The results also showed that although oyster shell supplementation generally increased alkaline phosphatase activity, bone mineralization was relatively uninfluenced as judged by the low coefficients of variation (CV) of 3.14-3.51% and 3.39-4.82% for calcium and phosphorus content in the femur and tibia respectively.
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PMID:Use of oyster shell as calcium supplement. Part 2. An assessment of the responses of hepatic and serum enzymes, relative organ weights, and bone mineralization in the broiler chicken fed gossypol-containing cottonseed cake supplemented with oyster shell. 238 85

As part of an evaluation of a Synchron CX5 analyser (Beckman Instruments Inc, Brea, USA) we examined a range of tests for interference from haemolysis, bilirubin and lipaemia. Tests investigated were urea, creatinine, urate, total protein, albumin, calcium, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and inorganic phosphate. Two types of interferences were found. One type is found on other analysers and represents analytical difficulties with the measurement of that particular analyte. The other type of interference was a consequence of the bichromatic optical system used on the CX-5. This latter group includes haemoglobin interference in the measurement of total protein and inorganic phosphate, and bilirubin interference with the measurement of total protein, glucose and inorganic phosphate. Lipaemia interfered with total protein, total bilirubin, inorganic phosphate, urate and glucose. Alternative and modified methods are proposed to improve the measurement of total protein, glucose, total bilirubin and inorganic phosphate. The use of the modified methods for glucose, inorganic phosphate and total bilirubin are limited, at this time, by an error in the calculation algorithm used by the analyser for two step or triggered chemistries, and to a lesser extent, by a reduction in sample throughput.
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PMID:Interference by haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia in assays on the Beckman Synchron CX5 and methods for correction. 240 33


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