Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies on aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and L-alanine aminotransferase (GPT) of Paramphistomum explanatum have shown that GPT activity has more than twice the activity of GOT. The effect os some--SH reagents like cadmium, mercury, silver and iodoacetamide revealed that both enzymes were inhibited except that GOT was insensitive to cadmium ions. GPT was found to be much more sensitive to--SH reagents than GOT. There was unusual reaction to the two thiols used, cysteine and mercaptoethanol. Cysteine inhibited both the enzymes and mercaptoethanol activated GPT and inhibited GOT. Thiols in combination with iodoacetamide showed that the strong inhibitory effect of cysteine on both enzymes was reduced by iodoacetamide, but with mercaptoethanol the inhibitory effect on GOT was greater than when either of them was used alone, while GPT the effect of either counteracted each other. EDTA activated both enzymes and partially protected mercury inhibition of both enzymes and silver inhibition GOT only. It provided no protection against silver inhibition of GPT but complete protection of GPT against total inhibition by cadmium ions.
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PMID:Effect of some--SH and other reagents on aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase of Paramphistomum explanatum Fischoeder, 1901. 41 89

Clinically healthy silver foxes obtained from a closed colony were investigated for the purpose of establishing base-line data for this species. The anthropometry (body weight; body length; length and width of the head; width, depth, and circumference of the chest; length of the tail), anatomical measurements (weight; longitudinal and transverse length; thickness of the main organs) and serum biochemical assays (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK, lipase, GGT, T-Cho, beta-Lipo, TG, Phos-Lip, Tp, T-Bil, UA, BUN, Crea, Glu, Ca, IP, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Cl, LDH and CK isoenzymes) were carried out. The data were presented as mean values with standard deviations, and compared with those of the dog. The coefficient of variation (CV) for each of the anthropometric parameters was low, except for that of female body weight for which the CV was 17%. The body size of the male was larger than the female, and the weights of the main organs, corresponding to body size, were greater than the female. The results were equivalent to those for a Beagle dog aged between 3 and 5 months. Significant differences between the sexes were detected in the following parameters: concentrations of BUN, beta-Lipo and T-Bil (p less than 0.01); concentration of Mg and Glu (p less than 0.05); activity of LDH and lipase (p less than 0.05). The biochemical data ware uniform with some exceptions. These were AST (142 IU/l) and ALP (122 IU/l) in a 5-year-old male fox, Glu (over 200 mg/dl) in four 2-year-old female foxes, CK (629 IU/l) in a 2-year-old female fox, and finally CK (366 IU/l) and lipase (428 IU/l) in an 8-year-old female fox, all of which were elevated. These data were similar to the reference values for the dog previously reported. The reference values presented in this report for the silver fox will be valuable as a guide for clinical diagnosis and research.
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PMID:Reference data on the anatomy and serum biochemistry of the silver fox. 195 49

Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (c-AAT) was purified to homogeneity from porcine heart and immunized to rabbit for production of antiserum. The purity of this enzyme protein and the specificity of its antibody were judged by silver-stained-sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel, Western blot transfer technique, and double immunodiffusion. The antibody against porcine heart c-AAT was found to cross-react with rat c-AAT but not with nine other different enzymes from the heart, liver, and muscle. Affinity purified antibody was used to localize this isoenzyme in the rat heart, liver, kidney, and cerebellum by indirect immunoperoxidase method. It was found that, in the rat heart muscle, c-AAT reaction product was present as a linear structure parallel to the muscle fiber and along the sarcolemma. Some cardiac muscle fibers contain more reaction products than the others. In the liver, reaction product was seen unevenly distributed in the hepatocytes. The Kupffer cells and endothelia were less stained. Most of the tubular epithelia of the loop of Henle in the kidney were intensely stained. But other tubular epithelia including convoluted and collecting tubules were sporadically and less stained. The basket and stellate cells and their neuronal processes and terminals in the cerebellum were markedly stained, but the Purkinje and granule cell bodies were weakly stained. For comparison of the staining intensity with enzyme activity in each organ, the c-AAT enzyme activity was simultaneously determined in those organs. This study indicates that the presence of c-AAT is specific in different organs and tissues.
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PMID:Production and characterization of an antibody to cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase and immunolocalization of the enzyme in rat organs. 640 65

Anthropometric, anatomical, hematological and biochemical reference values were estimated in clinically healthy male and female 9-month-old silver foxes. The coefficients of variation of anthropometric and anatomical measurements for 9-month-old silver foxes were as low as previously reported for adult foxes. However, in relation to body size, all measurements were smaller. Compared with adult silver foxes, higher values were observed in serum levels of triglyceride, phospholipid, beta-lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen and total protein. Similarly, higher levels were obtained for serum enzymes, especially aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). The high levels of these serum enzymes may be due to handling stress. Inorganic phosphorus and calcium concentrations in the young foxes were also high. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, reflecting the level of bone growth, was higher than that of adults. Biochemical values of beta-lipoprotein glucose and calcium in male 9-month-old silver foxes were lower than those of females, whereas those of total cholesterol, total protein, fructosamine, iron, albumin and beta-globulin were higher.
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PMID:Reference data on the anatomy, hematology and biochemistry of 9-month-old silver foxes. 921 20

About 50 mg of silver leaf (metallic silver) was given daily by mouth to 30 healthy volunteers for 20 days. A statistically significant hypophospholipidemic, hypotriglyceridemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effect was observed. This was accompanied by a less marked fall in total lipids and significant rise in HDL-cholesterol. In addition, a decrease in plasma enzymes - alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was noted. This was statistically significant for all enzymes except CPK. The safety of ingested silver foil is indicated by absence of pathology in urine and unaltered levels of protein and albumin in the plasma. These observations suggest that silver could be beneficial in conditions like diabetes mellitus, obesity and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Effect of silver leaf on circulating lipids and cardiac and hepatic enzymes. 1023 75

A debilitated 9-yr-old female red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) with a recent history of corticosteroid administration displayed anorexia, depression, and diarrhea for 2 days. Blood work revealed a moderate nonregenerative anemia, leukocytosis, hypokalemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Serology was negative for occult heartworm, Toxoplasma gondii, feline leukemia virus, feline infectious peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency virus, and canine distemper virus. Electron microscopy of the feces demonstrated corona-like virus particles. The panda died 3 days after initial presentation. Histologic findings included multifocal, acute, hepatic necrosis and diffuse, necrotizing colitis. Liver and colon lesions contained intracellular, curved, spore-forming, gram-negative, silver-positive rods morphologically consistent with Clostridium piliforme. This panda most likely contracted Tyzzer's disease subsequent to having a compromised immune system after corticosteroid administration and concurrent disease.
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PMID:Tyzzer's disease in a red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens). 1142 5

Blood samples from silver foxes experimentally infected with Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis, respectively, were examined for the activity of liver enzymes. The average activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in uninfected control animals were 20, 1.8, 57 and 44 units/l, respectively. The liver enzymes in infected foxes reacted differently, depending on dose, species of flukes and individual peculiarities. The highest individual deviation of infected from control animals was registered in the case of GLDH, reaching increases of up to 200-fold. In contrast, AST showed the lowest deviation from control values (less than 10-fold). By the end of the study period, enzyme activities had declined. The prepatent periods for M. bilis and O. felineus in foxes were 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. High egg per gram values were established at the beginning of the patent period. At necropsy, chronic inflammatory reactions were found in the bile ducts and in the wall of the gall bladder. The number of flukes at the end of the study was low.
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PMID:Liver enzyme activity and histological changes in the liver of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes fulva) experimentally infected with opisthorchiid liver flukes. A contribution to the pathogenesis of opisthorchiidosis. 1263 57

BACKGROUND: Many filarial nematodes harbour Wolbachia endobacteria. These endobacteria are transmitted vertically from one generation to the next. In several filarial species that have been studied to date they are obligatory symbionts of their hosts. Elimination of the endobacteria by antibiotics interrupts the embryogenesis and hence the production of microfilariae. The medical implication of this being that the use of doxycycline for the treatment of human onchocerciasis and bancroftian filariasis leads to elimination of the Wolbachia and hence sterilisation of the female worms. Wolbachia play a role in the immunopathology of patients and may contribute to side effects seen after antifilarial chemotherapy. In several studies Wolbachia were not observed in Loa loa. Since these results have been doubted, and because of the medical significance, several independent methods were applied to search for Wolbachia in L. loa. METHODS: Loa loa and Onchocerca volvulus were studied by electron microscopy, histology with silver staining, and immunohistology using antibodies against WSP, Wolbachia aspartate aminotransferase, and heat shock protein 60. The results achieved with L. loa and O. volvulus were compared. Searching for Wolbachia, genes were amplified by PCR coding for the bacterial 16S rDNA, the FTSZ cell division protein, and WSP. RESULTS: No Wolbachia endobacteria were discovered by immunohistology in 13 male and 14 female L. loa worms and in numerous L. loa microfilariae. In contrast, endobacteria were found in large numbers in O. volvulus and 14 other filaria species. No intracellular bacteria were seen in electron micrographs of oocytes and young morulae of L. loa in contrast to O. volvulus. In agreement with these results, Wolbachia DNA was not detected by PCR in three male and six female L. loa worms and in two microfilariae samples of L. loa. CONCLUSIONS: Loa loa do not harbour obligatory symbiotic Wolbachia endobacteria in essential numbers to enable their efficient vertical transmission or to play a role in production of microfilariae. Exclusively, the filariae cause the immunopathology of loiasis is patients and the adverse side effects after antifilarial chemotherapy. Doxycycline cannot be used to cure loiais but it probably does not represent a risk for L. loa patients when administered to patients with co-infections of onchocerciasis.
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PMID:Obligatory symbiotic Wolbachia endobacteria are absent from Loa loa. 1280 20

The effects of clomazone (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) according to nominal concentrations used in paddy rice fields (0.4-0.7 mg/L) on protein and carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters were evaluated in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h of exposure with a recovery period of 96 and 192 h. Liver glycogen increased significantly (P<0.05) in all periods and concentrations tested. The maximum glycogen increase reaches 250% after 12h of exposure. Muscle glycogen reduced significantly after 24, 48, 96 and 192 h for both clomazone concentrations (P<0.05). Significantly elevated plasma glucose values (P<0.05) and variation in glucose in the liver and muscle of exposed fish were observed. Muscle lactate levels increased after 12, 24 and 48 h of clomazone exposure (22-67%), but reduced in the liver (P<0.05). Protein levels were enhanced in the liver and white muscle, except at 96 and 192 h of exposure, whereas it increased in the plasma in the period from 48 to 96 h (P<0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were significantly elevated in the plasma (P<0.05). In the liver, ALT increased after 24 h, while AST activity was enhanced only after 12 h of exposure. Hematocrit contents were reduced after 96 and 192 h of exposure. Most of the metabolic disorders observed did not persist after the recovery period, except for the liver AST and ALT activity. Clomazone concentrations used in this study appear safe to fish, Rhamdia quelen, because overall parameters can be recovered after 96 and 192 h in clean water. ALT and AST activity may be an early biomarker of clomazone toxicity.
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PMID:Effects of clomazone herbicide on hematological and some parameters of protein and carbohydrate metabolism of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. 1609 6

Up to now, in vivo studies on the toxic effects of microcystins (MCs) on the ultrastructures of fish liver have been very limited. The phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected i.p. with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 microg MC-LReq. kg(-1) body weight, showing a time-dependent ultrastructural change in liver as well as significant increases in enzyme activity of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We observed for the first time the occurrence of a large amount of activated secondary lysosomes, which might be an adaptive mechanism to eliminate or lessen cell damage caused by MCs through lysosome activation. Quantitative and qualitative determinations of MCs in the liver were conducted by HPLC and LC-MS2, respectively. MCs concentration in the liver reached the maximum (114.20 microg g(-1) dry weight) after 3 h post-injection, and then rapidly dropped to 7.57 microg g(-1) dry weight at 48 h, indicating a depuration of 99% accumulated MC-LReq. On the other hand, a decrease trend in glutathione (GSH) concentration was observed in the liver of silver carp while the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased significantly after injection. The high tolerance of silver carp to MCs might be due to the high basic GSH level in their liver, and/or an increased GSH synthesis.
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PMID:Sequential ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced in vivo by the hepatotoxic microcystins in liver of the phytoplanktivorous silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. 1757 27


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