Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven healthy men volunteers received 6.6 +/- 1.3 (SD) percent-hours of halothane oxygen anesthesia without surgery. Serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased after anesthesia, which may indicate subclinical liver-cell damage. Creatine kinase of skeletal muscle origin increased above 90 U/liter in six subjects, indicating subclinical muscle-cell damage. Cortisol, triiodothyronine uptake, thyroxine, and free thyroxine index increased significantly immediately after anesthesia. Serum bromide concentrations had increased by fivefold on the second day after anesthesia, and on the ninth day was still elevated fourfold. Oral temperatures increased 0.7 degrees C 6 h post-anesthesia, possibly because of increased thyroxine activity. Lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities did not change significantly. No drugs administered during the course of this study chemically interfered with any of the test methods used.
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PMID:Effect of halothane anesthesia on muscle, liver, thyroid, and adrenal-function tests in man. 0 91

Cortisol treatment of neonatal rats did not have permanent effects on the levels of 2-7 enzymes in heart, kidney, brain, and liver, even though some exhibited abnormally high concentrations during the first 1 or 2 weeks. An injection of cortisol at birth evoked premature rises of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P-ase) in kidney, of soluble and particulate aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) in kidney and heart and of soluble AAT in liver. These enzymes (with the exception of soluble AAT in the female) did not respond to cortisol in adult rats. The significance of the varying effects of cortisol is discussed in relation to previously studied developmental enzyme formations.
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PMID:Cortisol treatment of neonatal rats: effects on enzymes in kidney, liver and heart. 24 Apr 48

A protein-energy deficit produces stress in the organism affecting all systems. Proportional to the degree of disease, cortisol and GH are mostly responsible for some of these effects. To investigate the effects on liver and bone, cortisol, GH, AST, ALT, ALP activities and Ca(T) and P(i) in serum were measured in 21 marasmus, nine kwashiorkor and 34 control children. In the marasmus group, we found a positive correlation between cortisol and AST, ALT and Ca(T) and a negative correlation between cortisol and ALP. In the kwashiorkor group there were positive correlations between the same parameters, although, they were of a lesser degree. Furthermore, in the kwashiorkor group we established a positive correlation between GH and ALP. Cortisol stimulates transaminases directly and suppresses ALP activity, thus indirectly increasing Ca(T), whereas GH has no direct effect on these enzymes. As the disease progresses and as liver functions deteriorate, AST, ALT and ALP increase in serum.
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PMID:Effects of cortisol and growth hormone on the metabolism of liver and bone in children with malnutrition. 150 26

Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into the abdomens of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 8 hr after surgery and analyzed for hormonal, biochemical, electrolyte and hematologic changes. Samples were taken at the same times from control foxes. Adrenocorticotropin increased after surgery (P less than 0.05), but returned to pre-surgery values after 8 hr. Cortisol increased and remained elevated in the surgery group relative to pre-surgery values or to control values (P less than 0.05); Triiodothyronine and thyroxine both decreased from post-surgery values 8 hr later (P less than 0.05). Creatine kinase, total bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase increased after 8 hr in both surgery and control groups (P less than 0.05). Carbon dioxide increased under anesthesia in both groups, but returned to initial values after 8 hr (P less than 0.05). The white blood cell count increased after 8 hr only in the surgery group (P less than 0.05). There were no differences between the groups for any value obtained from the initial blood sample. These data indicate that abdominal surgery results in prolonged adrenocortical activity and decreased thyroid hormone levels, but otherwise has minimal systemic effects in red foxes.
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PMID:Physiological responses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to surgery. 216 21

Selected haematological, blood chemical and serological variables were investigated in healthy Thoroughbreds (n = 45) in training. Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red, white and differential cell counts as well as serum concentrations of total and ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, inorganic phosphorus, total bilirubin, iron, glucose, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and creatine kinase were found to be within ranges previously reported for horses. No statistically significant difference was found between the haematocrit (Ht) of horses n = 44; mean = 0.44; SD = 0.02) of different performance or between those of different age groups. A significant difference was found between the Ht of males (mean = 0.43; SD = 0.02) and females (mean = 0.45; SD = 0.02) and between quiet (mean = 0.44; SD = 0.02) and excitable (mean = 0.46; SD = 0.02) horses. No significant difference in red cell potassium concentration was found between horses of different performance. Cortisol, insulin, parathormone (C-terminal), aldosterone and folate concentrations respectively varied between 89-204 (mean = 144.4; SD = 25.47) nmol l-1, 4.2-23 (mean = 10; SD = 4.30) m U l-1, 65.2-91.4 (mean = 79.46; SD = 9.34) pmol l-1, less than 138 to 379 pmol l-1 and 9.4-21.5 (mean 14.5; SD = 2.87) nmol l-1. Vit B12 concentrations exceeded 1400 pmol l-1. Blood lead concentrations in all animals were below 15 ug l-1. Fifteen (33.3%) of the horses were carriers of babesiosis. Laboratory findings concerning these horses did not differ from those of the other horses.
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PMID:Selected laboratory parameters of thoroughbreds. 902 43

The normal endogenous level of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes and its regulation by hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine were studied in the liver and kidney of 0-, 30- and 60-day old male Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicken. The endogenous activity of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (c-MDH) was significantly higher in the liver of day 30 as compared to day 0 and 60. In contrast, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (m-MDH) activity decreased at day 60 in the liver. However, both c- and m-MDH had significantly lower activities at day 0, which increased sharply at day 30 and 60 in the kidney. On the other hand, activity of both cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (c- and m-AsAT) showed peak value at day 30 in both liver and kidney. Hydrocortisone administration induced c-MDH in the liver at all the ages studied, but did not influence the activity of the isoenzymes in the kidney whereas, it induced m-MDH in the liver at day 0 and in kidney at day 30. Administration of hydrocortisone, however, did not influence AsAT isoenzymes (c- and m-AsAT) in either of the tissues at any of the postnatal ages. Triiodothyronine induced c-MDH in the liver at all the ages whereas kidney isoenzyme was induced only at day 60. In contrast, m-MDH was induced by triiodothyronine in both liver and kidney at day 30 and 60. Administration of triiodothyronine did not influence c-AsAT of liver and kidney at either of the ages, whereas it induced m-AsAT of only liver at day 0 and 60. These findings indicated a tissue- and age-specific expression of the malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes in chicken and difference in the regulation exerted by hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine during postnatal development of chicken.
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PMID:Hydrocortisone and triiodothyronine regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes during postnatal development of chicken. 1169 80

Activities of several metabolic enzymes show distinct patterns of zonation along the intestinal tract of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus). Zonation is species and enzyme specific, with different metabolic activities concentrated in specific areas, and few generalizations can be made. The rockfish show the smallest degree of zonation, with highest activities in the third quarter of the intestine, and shallow gradients to either side, and a general upswing in activity towards the distal end. In the trout, mitochondrial enzyme activities (citrate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) are highest in the pyloric caeca and decrease along the length of the small intestine. This pattern is accentuated for malic enzyme and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These enzymes drop precipitously in activity after the first few sections of the small intestine, while other NADP-linked dehydrogenases (isocitrate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) show moderate activity in pyloric caeca and peak toward the distal section of the small intestine. In tilapia, glutamate dehydrogenase shows a similar decrease as in trout, but citrate synthase peaks towards the distal sections. NADP-dependent dehydrogenases reveal distinct patterns, peaking in different sections of the intestine-malic enzyme in the proximal midsection, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the distal mid-section, and isocitrate dehydrogenase in the anal section. Enzyme activities in the stomach of trout and tilapia also show zonation, with the midsection generally displaying the highest activities. A 5-day treatment of tilapia with an intraperitoneal cortisol deposit (25 mg kg(-1) wet mass) drastically alters metabolic performance along the gut in enzyme specific patterns, generally increasing enzyme activities in site-specific arrangements. Cortisol treatment also leads to the expected increases in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase and aspartate aminotransferase in liver, but not in kidney. Aspartate aminotransferase is the only enzyme in brain significantly increased by cortisol treatment. Short-term food deprivation changes enzyme patterns, often resembling those observed after cortisol administration. We conclude that brain, liver and intestinal amino acid metabolism is an important target for cortisol action in fish and that metabolic zonation is a key factor to be reckoned with when analyzing physiological phenomena in the fish intestine.
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PMID:Metabolic zonation in teleost gastrointestinal tract. Effects of fasting and cortisol in tilapia. 1278 63

The present study examined the effect of long-term treatment with cortisol and corticosterone on enzymes of intermediary metabolism, namely malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose 6 phosphatase (G-6-Pase), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in Oreochromis mossambicus. Cortisol and corticosterone regulate intermediary metabolism in the liver of O. mossambicus as evidenced by changes in the activity pattern of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes and amino-transferases. The long-term in vivo ip administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) suggests hyperglycemic, gluconeogenic, and antilipogenic roles of the hormones in O. mossambicus. The genomic mode of action of GCs is well established in the present study since the long-term treatment is sensitive to the action of transcription and translation inhibitors.
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PMID:Genomic effect of glucocorticoids on enzymes of intermediary metabolism in Oreochromis mossambicus. 1285 99

Currently, there are no trucking quality assurance recommendations for space allowance of weaned pigs during transport in the United States. The objective of this research was to establish a first estimate of the space requirements of weaned pigs during transport in summer based on measures of animal well-being. A commercial semi-trailer was fitted with compartments that provided 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 m(2)/pig, which were replicated on the upper and lower deck, with a constant 100 pigs per compartment. Cameras were placed in each experimental compartment to record behaviors and postures of pigs during transport. The frequencies of standing, lying, sitting, standing/rearing on another pig, and lying/huddling on top of another pig were recorded using 1-min scan samples during the entire duration of transport. Blood samples were collected and BW and lesion scores recorded from 32 pigs per space allowance for physiological and immune measures before and after transport (n = 32 pigs/treatment). Pigs were transported for 60 +/- 5 min to the wean-to-finishing site using the same route for each replicate during summer (temperature: 28.4 +/- 1.2 degrees C and relative humidity: 59.8 +/- 4.4% within the trailer). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cortisol, hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase increased (P < 0.05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Plasma glucose and BW decreased (P < 0.05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Lesion scores increased (P < 0.001) after transport and were greater (P < 0.05) for barrows compared with gilts. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was greater (P < 0.005) for pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig compared with pigs transported at 0.06 and 0.07 m(2)/pig. Pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig lay down less (P < 0.05) than pigs transported at 0.06 and 0.07 m(2)/pig between 30 and 60 min of transport. Greater neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and less lying behavior performed by pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig suggest that a minimum space allowance of 0.06 m(2)/pig was preferable when transporting weaned pigs for 60 min during summer in this study.
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PMID:Space requirements of weaned pigs during a sixty-minute transport in summer. 1876 50

Our aim was to evaluate the chronic effects of training and competition during a 4-month season on immune response in professional volleyball players. Players took part in an incremental maximal cycling test at the beginning and at the end of the season. As control group, subjects with regular recreational activity were selected. Blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately after the exercise test, and after 30 min recovery. Volleyball players have similar basal levels of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total protein and urate than controls and higher levels of creatinine and activities of AST, ALT, and GGT. Maximal incremental exercise test significantly increased erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and blood hemoglobin levels in volleyball players. T- and B-lymphocytes significantly increased after exercise test and were maintained high during recovery. Cortisol levels were significantly increased immediately after exercise and during recovery with respect to basal values. Basal and post-exercise cortisol levels were significantly higher at the final of season than at the beginning. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and complement fractions (C3, C4) were unaffected by the volleyball season. The IgG and IgM levels were significantly higher after exercise and recovery than basal levels. Maximal exercise test induced an acute phase/inflammatory response characterized by increased circulating lymphocytes, antibody response, and cortisol levels. Competition season increases cortisol concentration indicative of accumulated stress intensity.
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PMID:Immune response to exercise in elite sportsmen during the competitive season. 2042 93


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