Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Positive pressure ventilation with hyperdistention of the lungs (PPVHDL) causes microscopic lung injury in rats and in mice. This study compared lung lavage and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lung lavage and plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration, lung tissue ET-1 mRNA expression, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity of lung homogenates, and histology of the lung structure in control and PPVHDL rats. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. While control rats were breathing spontaneously, the PPVHDL rats were ventilated with a rodent ventilator delivering 30 percent oxygen, a tidal volume of 18.6 +/- 4.5 ml/kg, and a respiratory rate of 55 to 60 per minute. End-tidal CO2 was maintained at 38-40 mm Hg. After seven hours, rats were killed and the lungs were lavaged. Red blood cells were present in the sediment of lavage fluid in PPVHDL rats and their lung structure showed severe congestion, alveolar septa filled with red cells, and extravasation of red blood cells and inflammatory cells into the alveolar space. Lung lavage fluid AST and LDH were significantly higher in the PPVHDL compared with the control group (P < 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively). Electrophoresis of the lung lavage LDH showed increased peak-5 in the PPVHDL group. Serum LDH, CPK, AST, and potassium concentrations [K]+ were significantly higher in the PPVHDL rats whereas their serum total protein level was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). Electrophoretic patterns of serum and lung lavage protein were similar in both groups indicating a transmural passage of serum protein from the intravascular to the intra-alveolar space. No significant difference was found in lung tissue ET-1 mRNA expression and lung protein concentration between the two groups. Lung ACE activity, in contrast, was significantly lower in PPVHDL rats. This study demonstrated that moderate alveolar hyperdistention caused significant structural lung damage accompanied by decreased ACE activity after seven hours of mechanical ventilation and that elevated lung lavage and serum LDH and AST levels in lung lavage and in serum might be early markers of ventilator-induced lung injury in this rat model.
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PMID:Early markers of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats. 887 62

After several years of latency, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) cause fatal disease in the cat. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory parameters characteristic of disease progression which would allow a better description of the asymptomatic phase and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the two infections. Therefore, experimentally infected cats (FIV and/or FeLV positive) and control animals were observed over a period of 6.5 years under identical conditions. Blood samples were analyzed for the following: complete hematology, clinical chemistry, serum protein electrophoresis, and determination of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. The following hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were markedly changed in the FIV-infected animals from month 9 onwards: glucose, serum protein, gamma globulins, sodium, urea, phosphorus, lipase, cholesterol, and triglyceride. In FeLV infection, the markedly changed parameters were mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea. In contrast to reports of field studies, neither FIV-positive nor FeLV-positive animals developed persistent leukopenia, lymphopenia, or neutropenia. A significant decrease was found in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in FIV-positive and FIV-FeLV-positive animals mainly due to loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. In FeLV-positive cats, both CD4+ and, to a lesser degree, CD8+ lymphocytes were decreased in long-term infection. The changes in FIV infection may reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction, changes in energy and lipid metabolism, and transient activation of the humoral immune response as described for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The changes in FeLV infection may also reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction and, in addition, changes in erythrocyte and immune function of the animals. No severe clinical signs were observed in the FIV-positive cats, while FeLV had a severe influence on the life expectancy of persistently positive cats. In conclusion, several parameters of clinical chemistry and hematology were changed in FIV and FeLV infection. Monitoring of these parameters may prove useful for the evaluation of candidate FIV vaccines and antiretroviral drugs in cats. The many parallels between laboratory parameters in FIV and HIV infection further support the importance of FIV as a model for HIV.
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PMID:Parameters of disease progression in long-term experimental feline retrovirus (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus) infections: hematology, clinical chemistry, and lymphocyte subsets. 900 78

Six horses were immunized with the venoms of Bothrops asper, Crotalus durissus durissus and Lachesis muta stenophrys for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom. During the immunization, clinical and laboratory alterations were evaluated in these animals, and the development of humoral immune response was followed. Only moderate local tissue changes (edema, abscesses, fistules and fibrosis) were observed in these animals, whereas no systemic alterations occurred. Regarding laboratory tests, there was a drop in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, together with an increment in total serum protein. Horses developed a moderate leukocytosis, with increments in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. No significant changes were observed in prothrombin time or platelet count. There were no alterations in serum lactic dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase activities, whereas minor increments in creatine kinase and alanine aminotransferase activities were observed, together with a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase. All these changes occurred after the injection of 9 mg venom, when sodium alginate was first used as adjuvant. Creatinine levels had a small increment, although no changes were observed in urea levels or in the urea/creatinine ratio. An important individual variability was observed in the humoral immune response, as judged not only by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but also by assessing the neutralization of the indirect hemolytic activity of venoms.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom. 902 11

Swiss albino rats were treated in groups with CCl4, and flyash to induce cellular toxicity in the lungs and trachea. Animal groups received treatment of Koflet (K) with CCl4 (7 days) and with flyash (30 days); their general health and biochemical parameters were studied and used as an indication of cellular injuries. A significant loss was observed in body weight and food consumption in animals given only CCl4 or flyash, while simultaneous treatment with K resulted in a non significant alteration from normal control groups. Enzyme (alkaline phosphatase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT)) activities were estimated in tissue homogenate preparation of lung, trachea and serum, which showed no significant change except for GPT activity as compared to control animals which received CCl4 or flyash with K. Similarly lung, trachea and serum contents of carbohydrate, protein, sialic acid, serum protein, serum cholesterol were estimated and it was found that alteration caused by CCl4, or flyash becomes almost non-significant compared to that of the control after the treatment of K, except for carbohydrate and serum cholesterol values. The animal group which was only treated with K did not show any significant alteration in their biochemical markers or injuries, except for cholesterol.
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PMID:In vivo protective role of Koflet (an ayurvedic preparation) against cellular toxicity caused by CCl4 and flyash. 940 99

Preliminary short-term toxicity studies of sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) in the dog demonstrated that addition of this additive to the diet was associated with an increase in liver size and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity with no evidence of pathological change by light microscopy. To determine the basis for these changes, a 12-week oral toxicity study of SAIB was conducted in the dog and a similar study was performed in the rat. SAIB was fed in the diet to groups of six beagle dogs of each sex at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0%. SAIB was also fed to groups of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex at levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0%. In the rat study, in addition to routine toxicology parameters, hepatic microsomal enzyme induction was determined using a zoxazolamine hypnotic test, urinary ascorbic acid excretion and determination of hepatic carboxylesterase activity. Sodium phenobarbital was fed to groups of 20 rats of each sex at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day by gavage as a positive control for hepatic microsomal enzyme induction. In the dog study, routine toxicological tests were supplemented by tests for bromsulfophthalein (BSP) retention, histochemical staining of liver sections for glycogen, phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase, and acid and alkaline phosphatases. Levels of liver lipid, protein, glycogen and carboxylesterase activity were also determined. Electron microscopic examinations were made on liver sections from the dog study at the end of the 12-week SAIB feeding period and after a 2-week withdrawal period. Administration of SAIB to rats did not reveal evidence of any effect on hepatobiliary function, and there was no indication of microsomal enzyme induction. Body weight gain of male rats fed SAIB was decreased, probably as the result of decreased palatability of the diet; SAIB did not affect body weight gain in females. The changes observed in the dogs fed SAIB included increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity with no change in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase or lactic dehydrogenase activity and no change in serum electrolyte, serum protein, glucose or bilirubin levels. No haematological changes were observed. BSP retention was observed at all SAIB dose levels. There were no SAIB-related pathological changes in any organ when examined by light microscopy. Examination by electron microscope revealed dilatation of bile canaliculi and an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum compared with controls. Histochemical studies also indicated increased enzyme activity of the bile canaliculi. The electron-microscope-revealed changes were completely reversed during a 2-week treatment withdrawal period. The dog study did not establish a no-effect level for changes in hepatobiliary function induced by feeding SAIB.
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PMID:Subchronic toxicity studies of sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) in the rat and dog. 951 48

A probable outbreak of oak (Quercus calliprinos) toxicosis in a herd of beef cattle--heifers and first-calving cows--grazing in the Judean foothills of Israel is described. Toxicosis probably occurred because of the consumption of oak leaves and buds during a period of pasture scarcity without any feed supplementation. A progressive syndrome of wasting, dullness, anorexia, polyuria, nephrosis, constipation and recumbency, culminating in death, was seen. A high mortality rate of 83% (38/46 animals) was noted. The clinical-pathological findings revealed increases in blood urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inorganic phosphorus. Decreases were found in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum protein, albumin (ALB), triglyceride (TG), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and chloride (CI). The main pathological findings were severe nephrosis, chronic interstitial nephritis, and occasional intestinal ulceration. On the basis of epidemiology, clinical signs, clinical-pathological and pathological findings and renal histology, a tentative diagnosis of oak toxicosis was made.
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PMID:Probable toxicosis in cattle in Israel caused by the oak Quercus calliprinos. 983 Jun 93

We studied the clinical and CT findings of 3 children with acute encephalopathy associated with adenovirus type 7 (AD-7) infection. Seizures in all the patients developed from 8 to 10 days after the onset of pyrexia. The values of serum AST, LDH and CRP elevated and those of WBC and serum protein decreased at the onset of encephalopathy. None of the patients had CSF leukocytosis. CT showed mild brain atrophy in all patients. A steroid pulse therapy was effective in one patient. The pathogenesis of encephalopathy is unknown. However, its onset and the success of the steroid pulse therapy suggested that it is a post infectious encephalitis. These findings, as well as the data of blood examination and of previous reports, implicated adverse effects of cytokines in the pathogenesis of this encephalopathy.
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PMID:[Three cases with acute encephalopathy related with adenovirus type 7 infection]. 1065 55

The serum protein designated 90K/Mac-2BP has been found at elevated concentrations in the sera of patients with various types of cancer and viral infections. The importance of the 90K/Mac-2BP serum concentrations in predicting the response towards interferon-alpha treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection prompted us to utilize a new ELISA for soluble human 90K/Mac-2BP to monitor the serum concentrations of this protein in our HCV-positive patients. Seventy HCV-PCR and anti-HCV antibody positive patients were analyzed for their serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, cholinesterase, HCV-viral load, viral subtypes, and 90K/Mac-2BP. On correlation of age and 90K/Mac-2BP levels, we found an apparent correlation that was proved rather to be a strong dependence of 90K/Mac-2BP concentrations on disease severity/duration, which increases with age. Multiple correlation analysis demonstrated the independent nature of 90K/Mac-2BP concentrations, underscoring the potential high utility of this new marker. Our data corroborate the potential of the scavenger receptor family protein 90K/Mac-2BP as an independent predictor of disease severity during HCV infection.
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PMID:Serum protein 90K/Mac-2BP is an independent predictor of disease severity during hepatitis C virus infection. 1090 55

The course of Trypanosoma congolense infections in African grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and sheep and goats were studied. Several parameters suggested that the grey duiker was much more resistant to trypanosomosis than sheep and goats. They showed increases in weight during infection, had a much longer pre-patent period, and their peak parasitaemia levels were about 100-fold lower than those of sheep and goats. Parasites were no longer detected in grey duiker blood 35 days after infection. Anaemia, measured as drops in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and erythrocyte (RBC) counts were not observed in the grey duiker. In contrast, sheep and goats suffered severe weight losses and had continuously high parasitaemia levels. Sheep and goats developed progressively severe normocytic normochromic anaemia and leucopenia from day 14 post-infection onwards. Serum levels of total protein, globulin and albumin of grey duiker did not change significantly throughout the course of infection, while the levels of total serum protein, globulin and gamma-globulin exhibited significant increases from day 21 post-infection onwards in sheep and goats, with peak values recorded on 28 and 35 days post-infection in sheep and goats, respectively. There were inconsistent variations in albumin levels in sheep and goats throughout the course of infection. There were no significant changes in erythrocyte activities of AST and ALT, while there were transient but significant elevations of ALP level on day 35, and GGT levels between 14 and 35 days post-infection in grey duiker. Conversely, the levels of all the enzymes were progressively depressed, especially from 14 to 49 days post-infection. In vitro erythrocyte peroxidation remained relatively unchanged throughout the period of the experiment in the grey duiker, except for slight but significant increase on day 42 post-infection. However, in vitro erythrocyte peroxidation increased significantly by between 100 and 300% of pre-infection levels from 14th to 42nd day p.i. both in sheep and goats, before returning to pre-infection levels after 14 days of treatment. Haematological values, serum and erythrocyte indices studied returned to near pre-infection levels 14 days after treatment with Berenil((R)). It is concluded that the grey duiker is inherently trypanotolerant. This is shown by its ability to control parasitaemia, suffer less severe anaemia, and to a relative degree resist pathobiochemical derangements of some serum and erythrocyte metabolites and enzymes, as well as reduction of infection-induced erythrocyte lipid peroxidase damage than sheep and goats.
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PMID:Pathobiochemical mechanisms involved in the control of the disease caused by Trypanosoma congolense in African grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia). 1118 35

AIM:To investigate the interference of methionine-free parenteral nutrition plus 5-Fu (-MetTPN+5-Fu) in gastric cancer cell kinetics and the side effects of the regimen.METHODS:Fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer were randomly divided intotwo groups, 7 patients were given preoperatively a seven-day course of standard parenteral nutrition in combination with a five-day course of chemotherapy (sTPN+5-Fu), while the other 8 patients were given methionine-deprived parenteral nutrition and 5-Fu (-MetTPN+5-Fu). Cell cycles of gastric cancer and normal mucosa were studied by flow cytometry (FCM). Blood samples were taken to measure the serum protein, methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) levels, and liver and kidney functions.RESULTS:As compared with the results obtained before the treatment, the percentage of G(0)/G(1) tumor cells increased and that of S phase decreased in the -MetTPN+5-Fu group, while the contrary was observed in the sTPN+5-Fu group. Except that the ALT, AST and AKP levels were slightly increased in a few cases receiving -MetTPN+5-Fu, all the other biochemical parameters were within normal limits. Serum Cys level decreased slightly after the treatment in both groups. Serum Met level of patients receiving sTPN+5-Fu was somewhat higher after treatment than that before treatment; however, no significant change occurred in the -MetTPN+5-Fu group, nor operative complications in both groups.CONCLUSION:-MetTPN+5-Fu exerted a suppressive effect on cancer cell proliferation, probably through a double mechanism of creating a state of "Met starvation" adverse to the tumor cell cycle, and by allowing 5-Fu to kill specifically cells in S phase. Preoperative shortterm administration of -MetTPN+5-Fu had little undesirable effect on host metabolism.
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PMID:A study of preoperative methionine-depleting parenteral nutrition plus chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients. 1181 69


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