Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficiency of preventive administration of silymarin and of silymarin medication were tested in dogs suffering from CCl4 intoxication of liver. Sixteen dogs of the Beagle breed at the age of 8 to 10 months and of the weight 11.5 to 14.0 kg were divided into four groups with four animals each. Those groups were administered per os a single dose of CCl4, 0.35 ml per kg liveweight contained in sunflower oil. The intact control groups was given sunflower oil free of any additive. Silymarin was administered per os in the form of suspension in the Dorfman reagent twice a day at the dose of 100 mg per kg. Silymarin was administered to the animals of the treated group four days after intoxication, to those of the preventively treated group four days before intoxication. The intact control group and the CCl4 intoxicated control were administered the pure Dorfman reagent. Pure CCl4 induced a significant increase in the AST and ALT activity in 12 and 24 hours after administration, and histological lesions in the liver--vacuolization of hepatocytes and necrobiosis of nuclei. The curative effects of silymarin on these changes were low. The protective effects of silymarin were manifested by the significantly lower AST and ALT activities in the 12th and 24th hour of the trial and by the insignificantly lower extent of lesions in liver parenchyma if compared with the control CCl4 intoxicated group.
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PMID:[Verification of the hepatoprotective and therapeutic effect of silymarin in experimental liver injury with tetrachloromethane in dogs]. 210 76

The hepatoprotective effect of various fractions (n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O) of Ban-zhi-lian derived from Scutellaria rivularis Benth was studied against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver damage was assessed by quantifying serum activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (sGOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (sGPT), as well as by histopathological examination. The results indicated that the CHCl3 fraction and EtOAc fractions exhibited the greatest hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced liver injuries, the CHCl3 fraction and n-hexane fraction are most potent against D-GalN-induced intoxication, and the CHCl3 fraction represented the most liver-protective effect on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The pathological changes of hepatic lesions caused by these three hepatotoxicants were improved by treatment with the fractions mentioned above, which were compared to Glycyrrhizin (GLZ) and Silymarin as standard reference medicines.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective effect of the fractions of Ban-zhi-lian on experimental liver injuries in rats. 920 8

In the past decade it became accepted that free radicals, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense play a role in various tissues damages, thus in certain liver diseases as well. Since only limited data have been reported concerning the oxidative stress in viral hepatitis, a comparative study was performed in patients (pts) with chronic hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. In addition, the effects of a flavonolignan drug silymarin were assessed. 10 pts with chronic hepatitis C, 5 pts with alcoholic hepatitis and 13 pts with alcoholic cirrhosis have been investigated. Biochemical liver tests (serum bilirubin, aminotransferases, ALT, AST, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pseudocholinesterase, prothrombin), malandialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) hemolysate, superoxide radical generating capacity of stimulated polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN), plasma concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, vitamin A, luteine and beta carotene, furthermore RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities were determined. The level of plasma MDA--as the marker of lipid peroxidation--was highest in alcoholic cirrhosis (five times of normal) (p < 0.05), the RBC hemolysate MDA was most elevated in chronic hepatitis C (p < 0.05). The mean PMNs' superoxide radical generating capacity was 116.6% of normal control in alcoholic hepatitis, where the mean GSH level was the lowest (89.8% of normal). Plasma vitamin A content was lowest in alcoholic cirrhosis (68% of control) (p < 0.05). SOD activity was elevated in both chronic hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis, where GPx activity was decreased (p < 0.05). There was a correlation between LDH and SOD activities (r = 0.77, p = 0.015). Silymarin treatment of one month duration resulted in normalization of serum bilirubin in 55% of treated pts, AST became normal in 45%, and RBC hemolyzate MDA level normalized in similar rate. A significant increase in both GSH and retinoids was found. Alterations in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system were shown in chronic hepatitis C, not only in alcoholic liver disease. The parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense may be useful surrogate markers for monitoring pts with liver disease during hepatoprotective treatment.
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PMID:[Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C]. 1096 2

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a safe and effective medical therapy for most patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but some patients show an incomplete response. Silymarin is a potent antioxidant with immunomodulatory and antifibrotic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and assess the efficacy of silymarin in patients with PBC who had shown a suboptimal response to UDCA. Twenty-seven patients with PBC who had been on UDCA (13-15 mg/kg/day) therapy for 7 to 221 months and had shown a persistent elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity at least 2 times the upper limit of normal for more than 6 months were enrolled. Oral silymarin, 140 mg 3 times daily was given for 1 year, and patients continued on the same dosage of UDCA. No significant changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (897 +/- 84 vs. 876 +/- 95, P =.5), total bilirubin (0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 1 +/- 0.1, P =.07), aspartate transaminase (AST) (58 +/- 5 vs. 56 +/- 6, P =.4), albumin (4.0 +/-.06 vs. 4.1 +/-.06, P =.4), or Mayo risk score (3.82 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.88 +/- 0.2, P =.4) were noted after 1 year of treatment with combination therapy. Transitory gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in 2 patients. In conclusion, although silymarin was well tolerated, this medication did not provide benefit to patients with PBC responding suboptimally to UDCA. The results of this pilot study would seem to discourage further controlled trials of silymarin in patients with PBC.
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PMID:Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. 1117 60

R. tomentosus is a vegetal species closely related to the culinary rosemary (R. officinalis), a plant reported to contain antihepatotoxic agents. A dried ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Rosmarinus tomentosus (Lamiaceae) and its major fraction separated by column chromatography (fraction F19) were evaluated for antihepatotoxic activity in rats with acute liver damage induced by a single oral dose of thioacetamide. Silymarin was used as a reference antihepatotoxic substance. Pre-treatment with R. tomentosus ethanol extract, fraction F19 or silymarin significantly reduced the impact of thioacetamide toxicity on plasma protein and urea levels as well as on plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities compared with thioacetamide-treated animals (group T). Pre-treatment with R. tomentosus ethanol extract significantly reduced the impact of thioacetamide damage on alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities compared with group T. Silymarin administration significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities compared with group T. Fraction F19 administration reduced only alkaline phosphatase activity compared with group T. According to these data, R. tomentosus extract shows promising antihepatotoxic activity, suggesting the need to isolate the chemical principles responsible for this activity and to study this activity in a model of thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis.
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PMID:Antihepatotoxic activity of Rosmarinus tomentosus in a model of acute hepatic damage induced by thioacetamide. 1105 42

Glycowithanolides, consisting of equimolar concentrations of sitoindosides VII-X and withaferin A, isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera Dunal, have been reported to have an antioxidant effect in the rat brain frontal cortex and striatum. In the present study, the effect of 10 days of oral administration of these active principles, in graded doses (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg), was noted on iron overload (FeSo(4), 30 mg/kg, i.p.) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Apart from hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), the serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, were assessed as indices of hepatotoxicity. Silymarin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) was used for comparison. Iron overload induced marked increase in hepatic LPO and serum levels of the enzymes, which was attenuated by WSG in a dose-related manner, and by silymarin. The results indicate that the reported use of WS in Ayurveda for hepatoprotection against heavy metals and other environmental toxins, may be due the antioxidant action of WSG.
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PMID:Effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides on iron-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 1105 55

Jigrine a polypharmaceutical herbal formulation containing aqueous extracts of 14 medicinal plants developed on the principles of unani system of medicine is used for liver ailments. The hepatoprotective potential of jigrine post-treatment at the dose of 0.5 ml/kg per day p.o. for 21 days was evaluated against thiocetamide induced liver damage in rats. Biochemical parameters like AST, ALT in serum and TBARS and glutathione in tissues were estimated to assess liver function. Data on the biochemical parameters revealed hepatoprotective potential of jigrine post-treatment against thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Silymarin used as reference standard also exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity on post-treatment against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxity in rats. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections.
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PMID:Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of jigrine post-treatment against thioacetamide induced hepatic damage. 1174 93

More than one-third of Americans use herbs for health purposes, yet patients and physicians usually lack accurate information about safety and efficacy of herbal remedies. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the use of so-called complementary and alternative therapies by patients with liver disease. Medical professionals and laboratorians need to be informed about popular alternative therapies and be open-minded to the possibility that some benefit may come from some therapies currently regarded as alternative. Silymarin extracted from the milk thistle is most widely subscribed to as a remedy for liver diseases. The beneficial effects of silymarin are most often seen in the patients who had cirrhosis as a result of alcohol abuse. An ongoing clinical trial will provide some insight as to whether milk thistle directly affects HCV. Silymarin has a good safety record and only rare case reports of gastrointestinal disturbances and allergic skin rashes have been published. The active component of licorice root, glycyrrhizin, has been shown to reduce alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values in the serum. This protective function has recently been explained as the inhibitory effects of glycyrrhizin on immune-mediated cytotoxicity against hepatocytes and on nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, which activates genes encoding inflammatory cytokines in the liver. Finally, some patients with hepatitis C take St. John's Wort and ginger to treat the side effects caused by interferon therapy. An excellent review of this subject was recently published by the NCCAM.
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PMID:The use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatitis C. 1208 34

Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from Silybum marianum, is known for its hepatoprotective properties. We investigated the expression of cytokines in mouse liver following treatment with 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg of silymarin once daily for 5 days. A dose-related but insignificant decrease of circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase after silymarin treatment was observed, suggesting that silymarin treatment did not induce hepatic damage. Silymarin treatment caused significant increases in the expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 and c-myc in liver. No significant difference was detected among these treatments in the expression of hepatocyte growth factor, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and class II major histocompatibility complex. These results suggest that alterations of TGFbeta1 and c-myc expression in the liver may be involved in the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin observed in other studies.
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PMID:Physiological responses to a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, silymarin, in BALB/c mice: I induction of transforming growth factor beta1 and c-myc in liver with marginal effects on other genes. 1222 86

The different fractions of alcoholic extract and one phenolic compound AB-IV of seeds of Cichorium intybus Linn were screened for antihepatotoxic activity on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver damage in albino rats. The degree of protection was measured using biochemical parameters like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), and total protein (TP). The methanol fraction and compound AB-IV were found to possess a potent antihepatotoxic activity comparable to the standard drug Silymarin (Silybon-70). The histopathological study of the liver was also carried out, wherein the methanolic fraction and compound AB-IV showed almost complete normalization of the tissues as neither fatty accumulation nor necrosis was observed.
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PMID:Antihepatotoxic activity of seeds of Cichorium intybus. 1286 Mar 15


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