Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18), a sensitive marker of hepatocellular damage, was measured in patients on therapy for histologically proven, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis at various stages of the disease. GST levels were elevated in 65% of serum samples despite immuno-suppressive treatment compared with aspartate transaminase (AST) which was increased in only 23% of samples. In 55% of samples with normal AST concentrations, GST was elevated. No samples demonstrated abnormal transaminase with normal GST levels. It is concluded that continuing hepatocellular damage occurs in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis on immuno-suppressive treatment.
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PMID:Glutathione S-transferase levels in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: a more sensitive index of hepatocellular damage than aspartate transaminase. 337 Aug 35

Hepatocellular damage has been assessed in 54 patients with biopsy proven alcoholic cirrhosis by measuring the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the concentrations of glutathione S-transferase B1B1 (GST B1B1) and B2B2 (GST B2B2) in serum. The levels of AST, GST B1B1, or GST B2B2 were abnormal in 28, 28 and 17 patients respectively but abnormalities in AST and GST measurements appeared to identify different populations of patients.
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PMID:Plasma glutathione S-transferase measurements in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. 367 38

alpha-Glutathione S-transferase (alpha-GST; EC 2.5.1.18) has been advocated as a better marker of hepatocellular damage than the transaminases in toxic and autoimmune hepatitis. We have assessed the potential interest of plasma alpha-GST determination in 94 anti-hepatitis C virus-positive patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis C (34 women, 60 men, ages 40.0 +/- 11.9 years). Blood samples were assayed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alpha-GST on the same day a liver biopsy was performed. alpha-GST concentrations were significantly above reference values in 64% of patients (compared with 58% for AST, 68% for ALT), and this increase was seen in 52% of patients with normal values for transaminases and a Knodell score > 3. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between alpha-GST and lobular necrosis score (r = 0.31; P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that association of plasma alpha-GST with ALT may improve the biochemical assessment of liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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PMID:Plasma alpha-glutathione S-transferase assessed as a marker of liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 749 11

Liver and muscle amino acid enzyme activities and plasma proteins, urea, amino acids, glucose, lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations were studied in growing rats undergoing adaptation to high-fat, high-energy diet and glucose gavage. Liver and muscle were used for the estimation of alanine transaminase (GPT, EC 2.6.1.1.), adenylate deaminase (AMD, EC 3.5.4.6.), glutamine synthetase (GST, EC 6.3.1.2) and serine dehydratase (SDH, EC 4.2.1.13) activities, the latter only in liver samples. The most important modifications produced in muscle enzyme activities by glucose gavage were observed in rats fed a cafeteria diet. Glucose gavage affects liver enzyme activities in the same sense than cafeteria diet. Energy plasma components were affected in opposite way by glucose gavage according to diet administered.
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PMID:Changes induced in amino acid-enzymes of developing rats by a high-energy diet and glucose gavage. 768 82

1. The use of the cytoplasmic enzyme, alpha glutathione s-transferase (alpha-GST) as an early index of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity in the rat was investigated and compared with a standard enzyme, marker, aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 in the rat were determined in a time and dose-response study. 2. Following CCl4 exposure, alpha-GST release was shown to be an earlier and more sensitive biomarker of hepatotoxicity than AST. 3. Significant increases in alpha-GST were detected 2 h after CCl4 exposure. Using the enzyme marker AST, this early hepatotoxic injury went undetected. At 6 and 16 h, alpha-GST was also a more sensitive indicator of hepatotoxicity than AST. 4. alpha-GST release was significantly increased at a dose of 5 microliters/kg, the lowest concentration of CCl4 administered and clearly responded in a dose-dependent manner with increasing doses of CCl4. In contrast, release of AST did not reach statistical significance until a dose of 25 microliters/kg. 5. Thus, these findings indicate that alpha-GST is a more sensitive and more accurate reflector of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity than AST.
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PMID:Alpha-glutathione s-transferase (alpha-GST) release, an early indicator of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in the rat. 908 68

Donor pretreatment is a new concept in organ preservation. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been reported to suppress the activation of Kupffer cells and to decrease injury to the hepatic graft after rat liver transplantation. We evaluated the efficiency of PTX pretreatment on the donor against hepatic injury following cold ischemia (CI) or warm ischemia (WI) using the rat liver transplantation model. Dose dependency: every rat was injected intraperitoneally with PTX (30, 50, or 80 mg/kg) or saline. One hour later, the portal vein (PV) and the hepatic artery (HA) were clamped for 30 min. Transplantation: the donor rat was injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg PTX or saline, 1 hr before laparotomy. Animals were divided into two groups. In the CI group, grafts were preserved for 12 hr in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C and transplanted. In the WI group, the PV and the HA in the donor were clamped for 30 min before donor surgery, and the grafts were transplanted. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), glutathione S-transferase-alpha (GST-alpha), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured at 30 min, 3 hr, and 24 hr after reperfusion of the PV. Compared with those of a control group, the serum levels of TNF-alpha, GST-alpha, and AST in the PTX-pretreated groups were significantly lower after both CI and WI at 30 min and further suppressed in the WI group at 24 hr. These results indicate that PTX pretreatment on the donor is effective for suppression of hepatic injury after both CI and WI.
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PMID:Efficiency of pentoxifylline in donor pretreatment in rat liver transplantation. 935 39

The aim of this study was to compare the possible role of normothermic recirculation with the role of liver transplants from non-heart-beating donor pigs after 20 min of cardiac arrest. Three groups were studied, of which two were control groups: group 1, in which the liver was harvested from a heart-beating donor; group 2, in which the liver was harvested after a period of cardiac arrest followed by total body cooling; and group 3, in which the liver was procured as in group 2, but including a period of 30 min of cardiopulmonary bypass and tissue oxygenation at 37 degrees C before total body cooling. Survival at 5 days; endothelial (hyaluronic acid) and hepatocellular damage (AST, ALT, and alpha-GST); adenine nucleotides (energy charge), and histological changes were evaluated. Normothermic recirculation during 30 min showed a significant effect on survival (p = .03), endothelial damage (p < .05), and histological changes after reperfusion (p = .04). Cardiopulmonary bypass significantly increased the energy charge during the normothermic recirculation period (p = .001). Moreover, this study shows that a significant survival (100%) can be achieved with a liver allograft after 20 min of cardiac arrest. Although the liver suffers a major insult in terms of endothelial damage and hepatocellular damage, lesions caused by the ischemic injury are reversible. Histological changes also indicate lesion reversibility, since they almost disappear after 5 days.
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PMID:Liver conditioning after cardiac arrest: the use of normothermic recirculation in an experimental animal model. 987 Feb 71

Antioxidant action of various molds, which are traditionally used for the production of foods or alcoholic beverages in Japan, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Antioxidant action was evaluated by scavenging stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Among 40 molds, 16 species showed the DPPH scavenging action, and the molds that can scavenge the DPPH radical inhibited lipid peroxidation. The mold with the strongest action, Monascus anka, was chosen for the investigation of a protective action against liver injury of rats. When galactosamine (GalN, 400 mg/kg) or GalN plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 microg/kg) was given intraperitoneally to rats (Sprague-Dawley), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) activities in serum were significantly increased. However, such hepatotoxicities seen in the increase in serum enzyme levels were depressed when the extract prepared from M. anka was given 1 and 15 h before the toxic insultant. Liver microsomal GST activity, which is known to be activated by oxidative stress, was increased by GalN or GaIN plus LPS treatment and the increase was also inhibited by pretreatment with the extract. Pathomorphological changes in the liver caused by GalN treatment also were prevented by the mold extract. These results indicate that the extract of M. anka has radical scavenging action and ameliorates chemically induced hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Screening of antioxidant action of various molds and protection of Monascus anka against experimentally induced liver injuries of rats. 1018 24

The study aimed to evaluate the behavior of alpha-glutathione S-transferase (alpha-GST) in the serum of hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection following treatment with high-dose IFN-alpha-2b. Ten patients with detected anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA by RT-PCR were selected and treated with high-dose interferon (IFN)-alpha-2b, 10 million units s.c. daily for 2 weeks followed by 3 times per week for 6 additional weeks. Blood samples were obtained from these patients at baseline for plasma alpha-GST and hepatic aminotransferases. Patients were monitored with weekly blood counts and monthly liver enzymes. Biochemical (normal alpha-GST and ALT) and virologic (negative HCV RNA by RT-PCR) responses were observed in 3 (30%) of the 10 patients. At the end of the follow-up (follow-up duration 44 weeks), 3 patients demonstrated long-term biological and virologic responses and 7 had relapses. In the nonresponders plasma AST and ALT approached normal levels on some occasions despite persistent viral RNA. In contrast to transaminases alpha-GST remained distinctly elevated in nonresponders and provided a more clear distinction between the responders and nonresponders. In conclusion, plasma alpha-GST, as a sensitive and reliable marker of response, may have a role in the monitoring of hemodialyzed patients undergoing IFN-alpha-2b therapy.
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PMID:The role of alpha-glutathione S-transferase in the monitoring of hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing high-dose interferon-alpha-2b therapy. 1022 80

We studied the patterns of within- and between-population variation at 29 trinucleotide loci in a random sample of 200 healthy individuals from four diverse populations: Germans, Nigerians, Chinese, and New Guinea highlanders. The loci were grouped as disease-causing (seven loci with CAG repeats), gene-associated (seven loci with CAG/CCG repeats and eight loci with AAT repeats), or anonymous (seven loci with AAT repeats). We used heterozygosity and variance of allele size (expressed in units of repeat counts) as measures of within-population variability and GST (based on heterozygosity as well as on allele size variance) as the measure of genetic differentiation between populations. Our observations are: (1) locus type is the major significant factor for differences in within-population genetic variability; (2) the disease-causing CAG repeats (in the nondisease range of repeat counts) have the highest within-population variation, followed by the AAT-repeat anonymous loci, the AAT-repeat gene-associated loci, and the CAG/CTG-repeat gene-associated loci; (3) an imbalance index beta, the ratio of the estimates of the product of effective population size and mutation rate based on allele size variance and heterozygosity, is the largest for disease-causing loci, followed by AAT- and CAG/CCG-repeat gene-associated loci and AAT-repeat anonymous loci; (4) mean allele size correlates positively with allele size variance for AAT- and CAG/CCG-repeat gene-associated loci and negatively for anonymous loci; and (5) GST is highest for the disease-causing loci. These observations are explained by specific differences of rates and patterns of mutations in these four groups of trinucleotide loci, taking into consideration the effects of the past demographic history of the modern human population.
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PMID:Rate and directionality of mutations and effects of allele size constraints at anonymous, gene-associated, and disease-causing trinucleotide loci. 1048 72


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