Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tetrahymena pyriformis Wh 14 was grown in Erlenmeyer flasks under continuous stirring at 30 degrees C for three days . After the culture had produced dry matter of about 100 mg HCB was added in acetone at a dose level of 0, 0.001, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm to the culture and incubated for another 7 days. At a dose level of 0.001 ppm the activity of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase remained unaffected but was increased for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase while 0.1 ppm HCB increased the activity of all enzymes studied, the only exception being glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, the activity of which was depressed by HCB exposure. A concentration of 1.0 ppm HCB depressed the activity of most of the enzymes below control values with the exception of the two mitochondrial enzymes, MDH and ICDH, studied here.
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PMID:Effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the activity of some enzymes from Tetrahymena pyriformis. 10 53

Using a database of allozyme studies, correlations in heterozygosity between selected enzyme loci (MDH, alpha GPDH, IDH, 6PGDH, LDH, SOD, AAT, PGM, EST, PGI) were calculated across vertebrate species. Large and positive correlations were observed with untransformed heterozygosity values. However, after transformation to correct for mean species heterozygosity, correlations were substantially reduced and median values were closer to zero. Some enzymes were more often involved in significant correlations than others, and correlations calculated across species within vertebrate classes were significant for different enzyme pairs in different classes. There was no evidence that significant correlations occurred primarily between functionally related enzymes. It is suggested that the observed correlations are best explained by variation between enzyme loci in functional constraint and effective neutral mutation rate.
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PMID:A study of interlocus allozyme heterozygosity correlations: implications for neutral theory. 152 53

Alterations in the rat brain carbohydrate and related metabolisms were studied during acute and chronic acephate toxicity. The rats were divided into three batches of eight in each batch. The first batch was treated with chronic (50 mg.Kg-1.day-1 for 7 weeks) and second batch was treated with acute (600 mg.Kg-1.day-1 for one day) doses of acephate, third group was served as control which received vehicle only. The representative enzymes like SDH, MDH, LDH, GDH, AAT and AlAT activities were decreased significantly during chronic treatment. Whereas MDH, LDH, AAT and AlAT activities showed significant increase during acute treatment. The glycogen and pyruvate levels showed nonsignificant elevation and lactate and total carbohydrate levels were depleted in the brains of chronic acephate treated rats. Reverse trend was observed with regard to lactate and pyruvate during acute toxicity whereas the total carbohydrates and glycogen levels were significantly elevated. The decreased oxidative potential and reduced flux of ketoacids into TCA cycle through transamination reactions indicate that acephate caused energy crisis in the brain during chronic treatment. During acute treatment the inhibited succinate oxidation was compensated by the ketoacid contributions through transamination reactions. The neuro transmitter balance with particular reference to glutamate during toxic stress was reflected through the GDH levels in both the treatments.
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PMID:Alterations in glycolytic and oxidative potentials of rat brain during acute and chronic acephate treatments. 195 6

To survey the genetic resources of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks in Finland, an electrophoretic study was made of natural and hatchery stocks. The stocks were compared with the nearest stocks in the USSR, and the effects of hatchery rearing were evaluated. The genetic variation within and between stocks was measured from 20 samples, of which three (Kola, Neva and Onega) were from the USSR. Twenty-five enzyme loci were examined, of which six were polymorphic: AAT-4, IDH-3, ME-3, MDH-3, PGM-1, and SDH-1. The mean heterozygosity of all the populations was 4.2% (1.0-7.2). For the natural salmon stocks of the Arctic Ocean, the mean heterozygosity was 6.3%, for the natural stocks of Atlantic salmon in the Baltic 4.8%, for the hatchery stocks 3.6%, and for the lake salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago Girard) 1.8%. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the amount of variation depends on the effective population size and that culture diminishes variation by decreasing the effective population size. All the stocks originating from different rivers differed from each other with statistical significance. The most unique stocks were the River Kola stock and the lake salmon stock from Lake Saimaa. The genetic distances were consistent with the geographic distance between the rivers from which the stocks originated. Stress is laid on the importance in fish culture of maintaining separate stocks and using larger brood stocks.
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PMID:Electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in natural and hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon in Finland. 277 27

Seven-day exposure to clinostatic and antiorthostatic hypokinesia led to a significant decrease of Krebs cycle enxymes (malate dehydrogenase--MDH and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and creatine phosphokinase with no significant changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and MDH and LDH isoenzymes. This hypofermentemia returned to normal during 7-day readaptation. It was not associated with hemodynamic changes or emotional stress. The hypofermentemia was adaptive and induced by diminished motor activity.
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PMID:[Effect of clinostatic and anti-orthostatic hypokinesia on serum enzyme activity]. 322 98

Plasma CPK activity and the activity of isoenzymes MDH, AST and LDH were assessed in 60 patients with myocardial infarction of different severity, with reference to the time since the onset of the attack. The peaks of CPK and MDH-C activity were reached sooner than those of LDH-M and AST-C, while the CPK and MDH-C curves were similar. The severity of the disease showed correlation to later onset of enzyme peaks and markedly delayed decrease in the respective values. Increased activity of mitochondrial isoenzymes and blood LDH-M provided additional information on the severity of the disease. Delayed normalization of these activities was associated with a poor diagnosis.
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PMID:[Malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in myocardial infarction]. 323 Jul 77

The ontogenetic trends in the expression of 25 isozymes in liver, gizzard, heart, and pectoralis muscle of White Leghorn chickens were examined using starch gel electrophoresis. Little change in expression during development was evident in liver S-AAT-A, GPI-A, S-ICDH-A, S-MDH-A and M-MDH-A, in gizzard S-ACON-A, ADH-A, GPI-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A PEP-1, and PGM-A, in heart ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, PGM-A, and LDH-A, in pectoralis M-ACON-A, S-ACON-A, ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, and PGM-A, and in liver, gizzard, and heart M-ACON-A, ALD-A, CK-A, G3PDH-A, HK-1, and PGDH-A. Increasing levels of activity were demonstrated in liver ADH-A, ME-A, and PEP-2, in heart M-MDH-A, S-ICDH-A, M-ICDH, and M-AAT-A, and in pectoralis LDH-A, LDH-B, G3PDH-3, ALD-A, CK-A, HK-2, and PGM-B. There was a decrease in the activity of HK-1 in liver and in PEP-1 and PGDH-A in pectoralis muscle throughout development. While CK-C is active in the embryonic pectoralis, CK-A is restricted to later developmental stages. Isozyme expressions in regions of the pectoralis containing fast and slow muscle fibers in 7-month-posthatch individuals were noted and found to be identical. The results underscore the need to use similar developmental stages and tissue samples in comparative electrophoretic studies of birds.
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PMID:A survey of tissue-specific isozyme expressions during chicken ontogeny. 360 63

1. PK and LDH activities in the muscle of Periophthalmodon schlosseri and Boleophthalmus boddaerti were at least 100-fold higher than their respective activities in the liver. 2. The ratio of PK:PEPCK in liver of B. boddaerti was smaller than that of P. schlosseri. 3. PK:PEPCK ratios in both fishes were intermediate between those of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. 4. MDH activity was higher than other enzymes assayed in the liver of both fishes. 5. The ratios of LDH:MDH in the liver of both mudskippers were comparable to those of anaerobic organisms. 6. AST was at least eight times more active than ALT in the liver of both fishes. 7. In the muscle of these mudskippers, the aspartate content was significantly less than that of alanine. 8. Exposure of these fishes to various experimental conditions led to changes in specific activities of PEPCK, LDH, AST and ALT.
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PMID:Activities of enzymes associated with phosphoenolpyruvate metabolism in the mudskippers, Boleophthalmus boddaerti and Periophthalmodon schlosseri. 367 93

Mitochondrial aspartate transamination was investigated as a major source of oxalacetate for citrate synthesis in rat ventral prostate. Citrate accumulation was measured in isolated mitochondria incubated with acetyl coenzyme A and various combinations of amino acids. Aspartate plus alpha ketoglutarate in the presence of acetyl coenzyme A resulted in significant citrate accumulation. Neither aspartate nor alpha ketoglutarate alone resulted in any significant citrate accumulation. Aspartate and alpha ketoglutarate use was comparable to glutamate and citrate production. The results indicated the presence of a mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase. Castration (3 days) caused a significant decrease in citrate production from aspartate plus alpha ketoglutarate as well as a decrease in mitochondrial AAT activity in prostate although no effect on kidney activity occurred. A single injection of 1 mg. testosterone propionate to castrate rats significantly increased prostate mitochondrial AAT activity within 24 hours while MDH activity was unaltered. A double reciprocal plot indicated that testosterone might regulate the level of mitochondrial AAT in prostate. Ventral prostate also contain a uniquely high level of endogenous aspartate. These studies indicate that aspartate might be the major 4-carbon source of oxalacetate for citrate synthesis. Also testosterone possibly regulated prostate citrate production by its effect on the level of mitochondrial AAT activity.
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PMID:Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and the effect of testosterone on citrate production in rat ventral prostate. 706 60

Exposure to simulated weightlessness (7-day water immersion and 7-day head-down tilt) caused a decrease in the activity of malate (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and creatine phosphokinase dehydrogenase (ICDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) at the expense of its MM isoform whereas the activity of alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and pattern of distribution of MDH isoforms remained unchanged. Exposure to acceleration of +3 Gz before and after simulated weightlessness revealed similar changes in the activity of MDH, ICDH, ALT, AST and MDH cytoplasmic fractions. However, the higher increase in the enzyme activity after simulated weightlessness may give evidence for a greater change in cell membrane permeability during acceleration effects that followed simulated weightlessness.
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PMID:[Energy-metabolism enzymes during combined exposure of the body to simulated weightlessness and gravitational overloads]. 728 61


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