Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As far as the pathogenesis of poisonings with organophosphorus pesticides is concerned, in addition to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AGE) in tissues, of importance are changes in the other systems which essentially determine the outcome of intoxication. The purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of changes occurring in total protein and protein fractions, free amino acids (aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, isoleucine, leucine) and in certain enzymes (AST, ALT, CP, GGTP, GDH) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute Malathion insecticide poisoning. 137 patients aged 20 to 50 years were placed under observation. There were 77 men and 60 women. 40 persons had poisoning of medium gravity and 97 were severely poisoned. The intake of the CSF was performed on days 1, 3, 10, 14 and 21 since the disease onset. It has been established that in acute Malathion insecticide poisoning, the CSF content of the stimulating mediator amino acids, aspartic and glutamic, rises within the early periods, whereas the concentration of the inhibitory mediator glycine decreases. The changes in protein fractions of the CSF are characterized by a fall of the content of globulins and a rise of albumins, thus attesting to the predominance of pathological processes in the brain, especially in the initial period of intoxication, and to the impairment of the blood-brain barrier. The development of intoxication is associated with activation in the CSF of LDN, CP, GGTP and GDH as well as by activation of LDH isozymes which is viewed as the result of the membranotoxic effect of a Malathion insecticide.
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PMID:[Changes in the biochemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid in acute carbophos poisoning]. 135 42

A 28-day oral toxicity test of tetrachlorvinphos (TCV) was conducted in male and female Slc: Wistar rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 10, 100 or 1000 mg/kg/day. The male and female rats showed dose-related inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was decreased in males, and there were 6 deaths in females. Adrenal gland, liver, kidney and thyroid gland weights were increased. The adrenal lesions were characterized by vacuolization and swelling of the cortex cells. The hepatic lesions consisted of vacuolization and necrosis of the hepatocytes. The renal lesions consisted of regeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells. These lesions were mostly observed at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. After a 14-day recovery period in the 1000 mg/kg group, the changes of cholinesterase, total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in serum were restored or showed a tendency toward recovery. However, the lesions in the kidney and adrenal remained. More than 14 days are therefore considered to be needed for recovery. At doses of more than 10 mg/kg, significant inhibition of the serum cholinesterase activity in both sexes, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in males, and lesions of the adrenal gland in females were observed. Target organs for TCV-treated rats were the adrenal, liver and kidney. It was concluded that the NOEL under this experimental condition is less than 10 mg/kg/day.
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PMID:[Twenty-eight-day repeated dose toxicity test for tetrachlorvinphos in Wistar rat]. 136 60

Total serum protein, serum albumin, total urine protein excretion, and the serum activity of several enzymes--aldolase (ALS), cholinesterase (CHS), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)--were estimated in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 30 days after a single injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). It was found that: (a) total serum protein and serum albumin diminished on day 4 and returned to control values on days 20 and 30, respectively; (b) total urine protein excretion rose on day 4, reached a peak value on day 8, and then fell substantially but still remained higher than control values on day 30; (c) ALS and CHS activities increased; (d) LAP, ICD, and AST activities showed a biphasic pattern, first increasing and then decreasing; (e) ALT, LDH, HBD, CK, and ALP activities decreased; and (f) GGT activity remained unchanged. The differences in the profiles of the enzyme activities suggest their independent regulation in experimental NS induced by PAN.
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PMID:Activity of serum enzymes in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome. 146 3

The purpose of this study was to determine the chronic toxicity of methidathion, an organophosphate insecticide, in dogs. Groups of beagle dogs, four/sex/dose, were fed methidathion at constant dietary concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 40, or 140 ppm for 1 year. The equivalent daily dosages were approximately 0, 0.02, 0.07, 0.15, 1.4, and 4.7 mg/kg. There were no deaths or adverse clinical signs associated with the treatment. Weekly body weights and weight gains were not affected. Mean daily food consumption was reduced in male dogs given the 140-ppm diet. Major treatment-related effects were cholestasis, chronic inflammation in the liver, and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. The liver effects were indicated by gross and microscopic pathologic findings as well as moderate increases in serum bile acids and enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase) in all dogs receiving greater than or equal to 40 ppm. RBC ChE was inhibited in males at greater than or equal to 40 ppm and in females and 140 ppm. Brain ChE was inhibited in both sexes at 140 ppm; the magnitude of inhibition relative to control was slightly greater with the cerebellar fraction than with the cerebral fraction. Serum ChE was not affected at any dose level. In conclusion, liver was the target organ in beagle dogs given greater than or equal to 40 ppm (equivalent to 1.4 mg/kg/day) methidathion in diet for 1 year. The no-observable-effect level was 4 ppm (0.15 mg/kg/day) for both liver cholestasis and ChE inhibition.
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PMID:One-year dietary toxicity study with methidathion in beagle dogs. 151 89

The distribution of amino acids between plasma, liver and brain was studied in adult male rats, fed a diet containing 8.7, 17 (control animals), 32 and 51% of protein during 15 days. The caloric intake was nearly equal in all groups. The highest food intake was observed in the animals on the low protein diet. Changes in plasma amino acids were variable. In contrast to the behavior of most amino acids in plasma, the branched chain amino acids were highest in the animals fed the 51% protein diet. Despite the low protein intake in the animals fed a 8.7% protein diet, the concentration of serine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and ornithine were significantly higher compared to control animals, whereas in those receiving a high protein diet, valine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine increased in relation to the increased protein and amino acid intake. The plasma amino acid patterns are not greatly influenced by the amino acid distribution in the food and the amount ingested. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase showed a two- to fivefold increased activity in the liver of animals consuming a high protein diet. In the brain, the concentration of valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine in animals receiving the low protein diet was higher than in controls and increased further with increasing protein content of the diet. Glutamine was increased in all dietary groups. The predicted influx of amino acids showed increasing influx rates in dependence of the plasma amino acid concentration. The entry of tyrosine and tryptophan and their brain concentration was inversely proportional to the protein content of the diet. In the present study which considers long-term adaptation to an increasing protein and amino acid intake in comparison to a balanced control protein diet, the levels of the indispensable amino acids were maintained within narrow limits in the brain and liver. The results indicate that inspite of a variable protein intake, the body tends to keep organ amino acids in relatively narrow limits favoring in this way amino acid homeostasis.
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PMID:Effect of different protein diets on the distribution of amino acids in plasma, liver and brain in the rat. 159 Jun 69

Using blood chemistry data from 77 cases of hypernutritional fatty liver diagnosed in our gastroenterological clinic, an automated quantitative interpretation was formulated. The reliability of this interpretation was confirmed in view of the following points: 1) Comparison with the degree of fatty infiltration of the liver seen in biopsy specimens or ultrasonographic findings. 2) The high rate of coincidence, sensitivity and specificity among the results. 3) Localization of almost all the cases of fatty or non-fatty liver into circumscribed areas by the value of standard deviation index (SDI) of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) i.e. aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and cholinesterase (CHE), respectively. 4) Graphic display of data and interpretation of a representative case of acute hepatitis at specified stages, and the comparison of this interpretation with clinical diagnoses and course of the disease. Moreover, two possible mechanisms for the elevation of the CHE level were discussed.
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PMID:Interpretation of patho-physiology by laboratory data (4). Cases of hypernutritional fatty liver. 178 Sep 13

1. Interstrain differences in red blood cell enzyme activities were studied in mice (BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He, DBA/2 and ddY) and rats (Donryu, F344/N, SD, Wistar and Wistar/ST), and were also compared with hamster, guinea-pig and rabbit. 2. The enzyme activities measured were: glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), NADPH-diaphorase (ND), hexokinase (Hx), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). 3. There were marked variations in the activities of some red cell enzymes (e.g. GST, Hx, ND), while others (e.g. G-6-PD, 6-PGD) were much less variable both within different strains and species.
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PMID:Interstrain differences in red cell enzyme activities in mice and rats. 178 55

The effect of cercal deafferentation (cercectomy) on the ganglionic protein metabolism of the cricket, Gryllotalpa africana was studied. Significant changes in the activities of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were observed in the terminal ganglion following unilateral and bilateral cercectomy.
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PMID:Cercal sensory regulation of ganglionic protein metabolism in the field cricket, Gryllotalpa africana. 179 75

1. Rosy barb (Puntius conchonius) were exposed to 181 micrograms/l mercuric chloride for 48 h and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP and AIP), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AIAT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were measured in vivo in several organs. 2. The AcP activity was inhibited in the liver, gills, kidneys, and gut but stimulated in the gonads. With the exception of kidney, the AIP activity showed an increase in all the organs examined. The AAT and AIAT were generally inhibited in different organs. An increase in LDH activity occurred in the cardiac and skeletal muscles while the AchE activity was considerably lowered in the brain, gills, and liver. 3. In vitro exposure to mercury at concentrations ranging between 10(-10) and 10(-4) M, inhibited the AIP, AAT, AIAT, LDH, and AchE activities in the tissues examined. The AcP activity was also depressed in all the tissues except in the testes, in which a marginal increase was noted. 4. The in vivo and in vitro effects of Hg were not of similar quality implying sequestration of toxic cations in the intact animals.
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PMID:Use of the fish enzyme system in monitoring water quality: effects of mercury on tissue enzymes. 198 72

Wistar male rats underwent a midline ventral abdominal incision under pentobarbital anaesthesia and were divided into two groups: the experimental rats were injected with 0.04 ml.kg-1 bodyweight Ethibloc (Ethicon-FRG) into a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, close to the hepatic portal vein and the control, saline. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation on the 1st and on the 30th day after the treatment. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities are significantly increased at the 24 hr following the i.v. injection in the experimental rats. The 30th LDH5 level is decreased 19% in the experimental group from the ones in the control group. The serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and serum cholinesterase do not differ substantially in the experimental group from these in the control group in the different periods of assessment.
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PMID:Changes in serum enzyme activities in splanchnic ischemia shock. 208 7


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