Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to establish sensitive methods of detecting minor renal damage, changes of enzymes, tubular cell counts, and creatinine in the urine were investigated in rats that had been given nephrotoxic chemicals. Daily administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) dose-dependently increased urinary excretions of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), lysozyme (LZM), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and acid protease together with increased counts of tubular cells in the urine. The increase in tubular cell counts and the change in urinary LDH isoenzyme profile preceded the changes in the other enzymes. Daily administration of gentamicin (GM) increased urinary excretions of LDH, GOT, LZM, NAG, acid protease and tubular cell counts in a dose-dependent manner, but did not increase gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and ALP excretions. The urinary isoenzyme profiles of LDH in rats treated with GM were different from those with HgCl2. The increase in acid protease excretion outlasted those in LDH and GOT in the high dose group. It was concluded that the severity of renal damage can be readily detected by periodic determinations of the following urinary parameters: tubular cell counts, LDH isoenzyme, acid protease, LZM and NAG, in addition to either LDH or GOT and one of the enzymes ALP, LAP or gamma-GTP. Furthermore, the site of renal damage can be presumed from these results.
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PMID:Urinalysis for detection of chemically induced renal damage (1)--Changes in urinary excretions of enzymes and various components caused by mercuric chloride and gentamicin. 344 39

In order to establish sensitive methods of detecting minor renal damage, changes of enzymes, protein, tubular cell counts, and creatinine in the urine were investigated in rats to which nephrotoxic chemicals had been administered. Daily administration of p-aminophenol (PAP) dose-dependently increased urinary excretions of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes (LDH5 = LDH4 greater than LDH3 greater than LDH2 = LDH1), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), lysozyme (LZM), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and acid protease together with increased counts of tubular cells in the urine. Tubular cell counts, LDH and GOT were more sensitive indicators in the PAP tubulonephritis. Single i.v. injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PM) dose-dependently increased urinary excretions of LDH and its isoenzymes (LDH1 = LDH5 greater than LDH2 = LDH4 greater than LDH3), GOT, NAG, acid protease and protein but degree of the increases in these enzymes was lower than those in the rats treated with PAP. PM increased excretions of high molecular weight proteins but did not increase ALP, gamma-GTP, LAP, LZM and tubular cells excretions. Single i.v. injection of hexadimethrine increased urinary excretion of LDH and its isoenzymes (LDH1 = LDH5 greater than LDH2 greater than LDH3 = LDH4), GOT, LZM, NAG and acid protease together with increased counts of tubular cells in the urine but did not increase ALP, gamma-GTP and LAP excretions. It is concluded that tubular cell counts, LDH isoenzymes and battery of these enzymes in urine are useful markers for detecting the severity and the site of renal damage in addition that urinary protein is a useful marker for detecting glomerular damage.
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PMID:Urinalysis for detection of chemically induced renal damage (2)--Changes in urinary excretions of enzymes and various components caused by p-aminophenol, puromycin aminonucleoside and hexadimethrine. 344 40

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF, 40 mg/kg/day) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, 26.7 mg BNF/ml) for three days. At 24 hr after the pretreatment DMSO (3.0 ml/kg), phenanthrene (150 mg/kg), ozonized or nitrated products of phenanthrene (150 mg/kg), pyrene (150 mg/kg), or ozonized or nitrated products of pyrene (150 mg/kg) were injected ip. Phenanthrene, pyrene, and their ozonized or nitrated products were dissolved in DMSO (50 mg/ml). No increase in the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) was seen in the pretreated rats 48 hr after the treatment. This is in contrast to what was seen in previous work without the BNF pretreatment. BNF pretreatment induced a small but significant increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) levels. No treatment group receiving BNF differed from another with respect to GGTP. A decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels was noted in the nitro-PAH treatment groups; the same phenomenon was observed earlier in rats treated with nitro-PAH without BNF treatment. These results suggest that the mixed-function oxidase systems specifically induced by BNF have a protective effect against the hepatotoxicity of the oxonized or nitrated products of phenanthrene and pyrene.
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PMID:Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Effects of beta-naphthoflavone pretreatment on hepatotoxicity of compounds produced in the ozonation or NO2-nitration of phenanthrene and pyrene in rats. 357 42

To characterize the incidence and severity of liver function abnormalities in patients with congestive heart failure, we analyzed systemic hemodynamics and biochemical profiles in 133 patients with stable chronic congestive heart failure, secondary to a dilated cardiomyopathy. The patients were divided into three groups, based on the severity of the reduction in cardiac index (CI). The mean values of all liver function tests in groups 1 (n = 43; CI greater than or equal to 2.0 L/min/m2) and 2 (n = 48; CI greater than 1.5 and less than 2.0 L/min/m2) were essentially normal, except for minimally elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and slightly decreased albumin levels in both groups, and slight increases in levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and total bilirubin in group 2. In contrast, group 3 patients (n = 42; CI less than or equal to 1.5 L/min/m2) had the most severe heart failure, as assessed by the lowest CI and highest cardiac filling pressures, and significantly higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (65 +/- 82 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (77 +/- 102 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (282 +/- 91 U/L), and total bilirubin (29 +/- 14 mumol/L [1.7 +/- 0.8 mg/dL]). The percentage of patients in group 3 with these abnormalities ranged between 27% and 80%. Although linear regression analysis showed that the elevations in right atrial and pulmonary wedge pressures, and the decreases in CI, were significantly correlated with liver function abnormalities, the correlation coefficients were small. Thus, liver function abnormalities remain common in patients with congestive heart failure but are generally small in magnitude and not associated with clinically apparent hepatic disease. It is likely that reduced forward flow and passive backward congestion are both contributing factors in the pathogenesis of these biochemical abnormalities, although nonhemodynamic factors may also be important.
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PMID:Liver function abnormalities in chronic heart failure. Influence of systemic hemodynamics. 360 80

Ether extracts of Lythrum salicaria stems and flowers exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity in rats with glucose- and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia when the animals were given oral doses equivalent to 10 g/kg of starting material. These extracts were also found to be active in alloxan- and streptozotocin-diabetic rats and alloxan-diabetic mice. While both stem and flower extracts reduced the elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity induced by streptozotocin in rats, only the stem extract reduced the elevated lactic dehydrogenase activity also seen. The flower extract clearly accentuated the elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase induced by streptozotocin.
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PMID:Effects of Lythrum salicaria extracts on hyperglycemic rats and mice. 371 31

Changes in the amount of hippurate synthesized and excreted in the urine after 1.5 gm benzoate loading (intravenous hippuric acid test [HAT]) in patients with liver disease before surgery were studied in relation to arterial blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate) (BKBR), reflecting energy status of the liver. In these patients, the HAT values for 120 minutes were decreased significantly (1.088 +/- 0.129 gm, n = 9; 1.071 +/- 0.258 gm, n = 7; 1.258 +/- 0.126 gm, n = 10; in cirrhosis with liver tumor, cirrhosis with esophageal varix, and obstructive jaundice, respectively) as compared with the value in patients without liver disease (1.829 +/- 0.093 gm, n = 16, P less than 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the BKBR and the HAT value was 0.766, which was higher than that of the BKBR and albumin or the BKBR and choline esterase (r = 0.532 and r = 0.646, respectively). Serum levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were not correlated with the HAT values. Because hippurate is synthesized in liver mitochondria by the continuous supply of adenosine triphosphate through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, HAT is considered to be a test that evaluates the energetic capacity of the liver to manage a metabolic load imposed on it.
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PMID:Clinical significance of hippurate-synthesizing capacity in surgical patients with liver disease: a metabolic tolerance test. 377 26

Excessive fat accumulation in the liver is a common metabolic disorder seen in humans and animals. Fatty liver was induced in the rat by feeding the animals with a sucrose rich diet containing 1% orotic acid for 2-3 weeks. In the sera from fatty liver rats there were significant changes in the level of alanine aminotransferase (+ 68.7%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 77.8%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (- 53.4%) and total lipids (+ 26.6%). There were small to no changes in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase, malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and albumin. In fatty liver, significant differences were seen in the levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (+ 235%), malic enzyme (+ 170%), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (+ 113%), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (+ 63%), aspartate aminotransferase (+ 35.6%), malic dehydrogenase (+ 38%), lactic dehydrogenase (+ 37%), and alanine aminotransferase (- 23%). Comparison of the non-fatty part with the fatty part of the fatty liver showed larger changes in the non-fatty part of the liver, suggesting that during the fattening process, there is an induction of enzymes in the liver reaching a peak prior to lipid accumulation, declining thereafter during liver fattening. The increase in NADPH-generating lipogenic enzymes suggests that accumulated fat in the liver is at least partially from de-novo increased synthesis in the liver.
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PMID:Biochemical changes in liver and blood during liver fattening in rats. 377 7

One hundred and thirteen patients with histologically confirmed oral lichen planus, from three stomatology clinics, were examined for evidence of liver disease. No patient had clinical evidence of liver disease. Nine patients (7.9%) had a raised serum concentration of a single enzyme; 6 patients had raised gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, 2 had raised alkaline phosphatase, and 1 had raised aspartate transaminase levels. No patient had serum auto-antibodies suggestive of primary biliary cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis. Most patients presenting with oral lichen planus are unlikely to have liver disease.
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PMID:Lichen planus and liver disease: how strong is the association? 392 77

The effect of low grade chronic Fasciola hepatica infection on the concentration of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was investigated in sheep dosed daily with three (AL3), eight (AL8) or 14 (AL14) metacercariae over 22 weeks or given a single dose of 200 metacercariae. Significant increases in plasma GD activity first occurred after nine, 12 and 23 weeks and in gamma-GT activity after 12, 24 and 32 weeks for groups AL14, AL8 and AL3 respectively. Changes in AST activity were not as clearly related to dose level. In sheep with single infection, both GD and gamma-GT were capable of detecting liver damage resulting from the migration of 10 or more flukes. Plasma GD and gamma-GT activities are more sensitive indicators of liver cell damage in chronic subclinical fascioliasis than AST activity and gamma-GT may be more suitable as a diagnostic aid on account of its greater stability.
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PMID:Chronic subclinical ovine fascioliasis: plasma glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and their significance as diagnostic aids. 610 69

Correlations have been calculated between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total plasma cholesterol, albumin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and uric acid for diphenylhydantoin (DPH) users and for subjects attending a multiphasic health screening centre. For women DPH users, high-density lipoprotein levels correlated significantly with gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase. These correlations were significantly different from those found for male DPH users and from subjects attending the health screening centre. In male DPH users, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol correlates negatively with urea and uric acid levels, a relationship which is found neither in women DPH users nor in the health screening centre population.
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PMID:The effects of diphenylhydantoin on the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and several biochemical assays. 610 46


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