Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The realtionship between growth rate and the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes was studied using two strains of White Plymouth Rock chickens which had been selected in divergent directions for eight-week body weight. The activities of hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, glycogen synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were measured at 4, 8 and 20 weeks of age. The mean percentage rate of growth of the birds selected for high eight-week body weight exceeded that of the birds selected for low eight-week body weight only during the early growth period. Thereafter, and until sexual maturity, the low-line birds grew at a faster rate, relative to body size. The mature body weight of the high-line birds exceeded that of the low-line birds by a factor of approximately 1.5. A close similarity was noted between the metabolic activity of certain liver enzymes and the growth rate (relative to body size) of the birds studied. At four and eight weeks of age, the faster-growing birds (whether high- or low-line) generally exhibited a greater capacity for glucose phosphorylation and glycolysis, but a poorer capacity for glycogen synthesis, than the slower-growing birds. At twenty weeks, growth rate and metabolic activity were similar in both strains.
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PMID:Activity of certain liver enzymes in fast- and slow-growing lines of chickens. 118 17

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (ACP, EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT, EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT, EC 2.6.1.2) were measured in the mucosal homogenates of the duodenum, jejunum and caecum of full-fed (control), starved and refed White Rock Cockerels. Starvation caused a significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) increase in the activity of ACP in all three segments of the intestine. Subsequent re-feeding brought the activity back to the control level. In contrast ALP activity fell in the duodenum during starvation and was partially restored by refeeding. In the jejunum and caecum the ALP activity decreased during starvation and was fully restored by re-feeding only in the caecum. ASAT activity increased (p less than or equal to 0.05) during the entire period of starvation in all three segments. Re-feeding failed to decrease the enzyme activity within 48 hours. Starvation caused a reduction (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the activity of ALAT and re-feeding did not increase the activity in the duodenum and jejunum. The caecum showed no change in the activity during fasting.
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PMID:The activities of phosphatases and aminotransferases in the epithelium of the small intestine and caecum of white rock cockerels during starvation. 255 Nov 9

1. Alkaline phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.1], acid phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.2], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT, EC 2.6.1.1] and alanine aminotransferase [ALAT, EC 2.6.1.2] were measured in mucosal homogenates of different segments of the alimentary tract of White Rock cockerels. 2. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were higher in the duodenum, jejenum and caecum than the anterior segments of the alimentary tract. 3. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase was higher in the oesophagus and crop than in the caudal segments of the alimentary tract. Alanine aminotransferase activity did not show any specific pattern. 4. The increased phosphatase activities in the caudal alimentary tract indicates their involvement in the nutrient transport across the mucosa. Aminotransferases were probably involved in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins in the anterior alimentary tract.
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PMID:Activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in different regions of the alimentary tract of adult White Rock cockerels. 322 95

A biochemical system was devised to identify aneuploids of Nicotiana tabacum. Leaf tissue from 6 nullihaploids, 4 nullisomics, and 10 monosomics was analyzed electrophoretically on slab acrylamide gels. The staining systems used were for peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Nullihaploids and nullisomics could be distinguished from each other and from haploid or disomic types by their unique isozyme banding patterns. The banding patterns of the monosomics closely resembled those of the disomic. Morphologically similar aneuploids from different populations had similar isozyme banding patterns.
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PMID:Identification of aneuploids in Nicotiana tabacum by isozyme banding patterns. 711 87

Protoplasts from the leaf of Ichang papeda (Citrus ichangensis Swingle) were fused with the protoplasts of embryogenic suspension culture of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in vitro by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced fusion. The regenerated embryoids were malformed and were transferred onto shoot induction medium. The shoots were then grafted on 15-day-old seedlings of trifoliate orange in vitro. Chromosome counts of the young leaves showed that the parents were diploids, 2n = 2x = 18, and the regenerated plants were tetraploids, 2n = 4x = 36. Peroxidase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isozyme analysis confirmed that these tetraploids were somatic hybrids. They have the bands of both parents. The hybrid plants grew vigorously after transplanted into soil. Leaf morphology of the hybrid was similar to that of sweet orange.
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PMID:Interspecific somatic hybrid of Ichang papeda with Valencia orange. 819 18

Coke oven and by-product workers are potentially exposed to coke oven emissions (COE), which contain hundreds of chemicals and are primarily composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and volatile organic compounds. Some of these compounds are hepatotoxins. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between work in coke oven and by-product plants and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the most commonly performed liver-function tests. The exposed group was composed of current workers who had been employed at least 3 months in the two coke-operation work areas, including one coke oven plant and one by-product plant (Area I: n = 117; Area II: n = 96) of a large steel company in Taiwan. Control subjects (Area III: n = 131), not visiting either coke-operation area in the last 3 months, were collected from the administrative and nonproduction areas in the same company. PAH exposure, as a surrogate of COE, was measured monthly by PM-10 size-selective high-volume-area air samplers in or around these three areas between June and December 1990, as well as between November 1992 and June 1993. The mean total respiratory particulate PAH exposure levels (< 10 microns) between November 1992 and June 1993 in Area I, II, and III were 6.8 x 10(3), 2.1 x 10(3), and 6.5 x 10(1) ng/m3, respectively. AST, ALT, and hepatitis B surface antigen tests were performed in 1994. Workers who showed either AST or ALT levels greater than reference levels (abnormal > 25 IU/L) were regarded as showing "elevated liver enzyme levels." Workers in Area I had AST levels that were 17% higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 3% to 32%]) and ALT levels that were 35% higher (95% CI, 10% to 65%)] than those in Area III after controlling for appropriate confounders. The adjusted odds ratio (Area I vs Area III) for elevated liver enzymes was 4.4 (95% CI, 1.5 to 13.4). In addition, coke oven (n = 91) and by-product workers (n = 26) from Area I had ALT levels 37% and 45% higher, respectively, compared with control subjects from Area III, after adjusting for appropriate confounders. Similar effects are also seen for AST. Workers in Area II had slightly, but not significantly, elevated AST and ALT levels. These results indicate that workers most heavily exposed to COE exhibit elevated aminotransferase levels.
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PMID:Elevated serum liver enzymes in coke oven and by-product workers. 921 Dec 10

Freeze dried Eupatorium adenophorum leaf powder mixed in rat feed at a level of 25% elicited hepatotoxicity. The affected animals were jaundiced and had marked increase in plasma bilirubin levels and activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase. The liver of intoxicated animals had focal areas of necrosis and bile duct proliferation. Elevation in plasma bilirubin concomitant with alterations in enzyme profile and histopathological lesions are consistent with liver injury and cholestasis. This is the first report of the toxicity of E. adenophorum to rats.
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PMID:Hepatotoxicity of Eupatorium adenophorum to rats. 1066 12

Sugar cane policosanol, a mixture of long-chain primary alcohols (approximately 67% as octacosanol), has been reported to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. We investigated the effect of wheat germ policosanol (WGP) on plasma lipid profiles in 58 adults (30 men and 28 women, aged 49 +/- 11 years) with normal to mildly elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations in a double-blind, randomized, parallel placebo-controlled study. Subjects consumed chocolate pellets with or without 20 mg/d WGP for 4 weeks. Plasma lipid concentrations, routine blood chemistry and hematology were determined at the start and the end of the study. The initial plasma total, LDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations in the WGP and the control groups were identical. Over the 4 weeks, neither the WGP nor the control treatment significantly changed plasma total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, or triacylglycerol concentrations when compared to baseline values. In addition, there was no significant difference in plasma lipid profiles between the WGP and the control groups at the end of the study. WGP did not result in any adverse effects as indicated by plasma activities of L-gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), ALT, AST, bilirubin concentrations, and blood cell profiles. Chemical analysis showed that WGP consists of 8% hexacosanol, 67% octacosanol, 12% triacosanol, and 13% other long-chain alcohols, which is similar to the composition of sugar cane policosanol. In conclusion, WGP at 20 mg/d had no beneficial effects on blood lipid profiles. It therefore seems unlikely that the long chain (C24-34) alcohols have any cholesterol-lowering activity.
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PMID:Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower plasma cholesterol in subjects with normal to mildly elevated cholesterol concentrations. 1537 87

Productivity of cereal crops is restricted in saline soils but may be improved by nitrogen nutrition. In this study, the effect of ionic nitrogen form on growth, mineral content, protein content and ammonium assimilation enzyme activities of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Alexis L.) irrigated with saline water, was determined. Leaf and tiller number as well as plant fresh and dry weights declined under salinity (120 mM NaCl). In non-saline conditions, growth parameters were increased by application of NH(4)(+)/NO(3)(-) (25:75) compared to NO(3)(-) alone. Under saline conditions, application of NH(4)(+)/NO(3)(-) led to a reduction of the detrimental effects of salt on growth. Differences in growth between the two nitrogen regimes were not due to differences in photosynthesis. The NH(4)(+)/NO(3)(-) regime led to an increase in total N in control and saline treatments, but did not cause a large decrease in plant Na(+) content under salinity. Activities of GS (EC 6.3.1.2), GOGAT (EC 1.4.1.14), PEPC (EC 4.1.1.31) and AAT (EC 2.6.1.1) increased with salinity in roots, whereas there was decreased activity of the alternative ammonium assimilation enzyme GDH (EC 1.4.1.2). The most striking effect of nitrogen regime was observed on GDH whose salinity-induced decrease in activity was reduced from 34% with NO(3)(-) alone to only 14% with the mixed regime. The results suggest that the detrimental effects of salinity can be reduced by partial substitution of NO(3)(-) with NH(4)(+) and that this is due to the lower energy cost of N assimilation with NH(4)(+) as opposed to NO(3)(-) nutrition.
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PMID:Partial substitution of NO(3)(-) by NH(4)(+) fertilization increases ammonium assimilating enzyme activities and reduces the deleterious effects of salinity on the growth of barley. 1654 90

Sugar cane extract (SCE) has been shown to have an immunostimulating effect in chickens. This study evaluated the effect of SCE on Salmonella Abortusequi lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethal shock in d-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. Mice were administered intraperitoneally SCE (500 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline before or after injection of LPS and GalN. All the mice injected with LPS and GalN (control group) died of histopathologically congestive and hemorrhagic hepatic insufficiency within 24 h, showing significantly increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 380 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 130 IU/mL). Pretreatment of mice with SCE at 3 h before challenge with LPS and GalN (SCE treated group) resulted in significantly improved survival rates (92.3%) and a decrease in liver injury. These surviving mice in the SCE treated group showed no changes in the mean levels of plasma AST (60 IU/mL) and ALT (18 IU/mL). However, the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the SCE treated group was not significantly different when compared with that in the control group challenged with LPS and GalN. These results suggest that SCE has protective effects on LPS-induced mortality in this mouse model.
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PMID:Protective effects of sugar cane extract on endotoxic shock in mice. 1661 63


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