Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this retrospective study, the data of hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers (anti-HCV and HCV-RNA) obtained from the patients who were prediagnosed and/or diagnosed as HCV infection have been comparatively evaluated and the relationship between these markers and transaminase (ALT and AST) levels have been analysed. A total of 690 sera from patients who were followed-up between January 2002 to December 2004 in Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Hospital were included to the study. Anti-HCV (Axsym System HCV version 3.0, Abbott Laboratories, USA) and HCV-RNA (Real-time Taqman Technology, Roboscreen kit and ABI Prism 7700 Perkin Elmer) tests were studied simultaneously and the results were examined together with the levels of ALT and AST of patients. In our study group, 455 (65.9%) of 690 samples were found positive for anti-HCV, while 235 (34.1%) were negative. Of anti-HCV positive patients, 51.6% (235/455) yielded positive and 48.4% (220/455) yielded negative results for HCV-RNA. The rate of anti-HCV negative but HCV-RNA positive sera was detected as 8.5% (20/235). When liver enzyme levels were taken into consideration, of 690 sera 338 (49%) showed normal transaminase levels, while 352 (51%) had elevated ALT and/or AST levels (23 with increased AST, 57 with increased ALT, and 272 with increased ALT and AST). Of the patients who exhibited increased ALT+AST levels (n=272), 50% were found positive for both markers (anti-HCV and HCV-RNA), 17% were only positive for anti-HCV, 3.6% were only positive for HCV-RNA, and 29% were negative for both markers. As a result, since anti-HCV negativity may be detected in viremic patients, molecular methods should be applied especially for the diagnosis of suspected cases and cases without seroconversion.
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PMID:[Comparison of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and anti-HCV results and evaluation of the relationship between transaminase levels]. 1817 74

The current study was designed to determine the changes of the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression in blood and tissue during the myocardial degeneration in calves with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Seventeen crossbred calves presenting pathological signs for FMD confirmed by viral analysis were studied. A biochemistry panel and immunohistochemistry were performed on 17 diseased calves and 7 calves used as controls. Creatine kinase (CK), CK-myocardial band (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were analyzed for both groups. Cardiac troponin I levels were measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Mean cTnI (14.8 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) concentration and CK (573 +/- 407 U/l), CK-MB (238 +/- 37 U/l), AST (84 +/- 7), and LDH (298 +/- 29 U/l) activities were higher in FMD cases compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss or depletion of cTnI expression in myocardium of all cases. None of the 7 controls showed loss of cTnI expression. Increased serum cTnI concentration correlated with myocardial injury and loss of cTnI immunolabeling in cardiomyocytes of calves with FMD.
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PMID:Determination of cardiac troponin I in the blood and heart of calves with foot-and-mouth disease. 1877 92

Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs) are formed against phospholipids in various clinical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, malignancy, infectious diseases, alcohol-related and hepatic cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of ACAs in patients with chronic hepatitis B together with positive total anti-delta antibodies, and to investigate the relationship between age, gender, and some laboratory parameters (ALT, AST, albumin, globulin, platelet number) of patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection, who were positive or negative for ACAs. A total of 60 patients (43 male, 17 female) with chronic hepatitis D infection [HBsAg positive, HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive, anti-HBc IgG positive, anti-HBc IgM negative, total anti-delta positive, anti-HCV negative] and 30 patients (21 male, 9 female) without hepatitis D infection [HBsAg positive, HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive, anti-HBc IgG positive, anti-HBc IgM negative, total anti-delta negative, anti-HCV negative] as control group were included to the study. ACA IgG and IgM were searched by a commercial microELISA kit (Euroimmun, Germany). The statistical evaluation was performed with Pearson's chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Total ACAs positivity rate of 60 patients with chronic HDV infection, was found as 13.3%, in which four of the patients were positive for only ACA IgM, while four was positive for only IgG. Positivity for both ACA IgG and ACA IgM could not be detected in these patients. No patients in the control group had positivity for ACAs (IgG and/or IgM). A statistically significant difference was observed in terms of ACA positivity between patients with and without HDV infection (p< 0.05). After all, there was no statistically significant correlation between ACAs positivity and the age, sex, and laboratory parameters of the patients with chronic HDV infection, except lower serum albumin levels (p= 0.004). Although the data of this study revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between chronic HDV infection and anticardiolipin antibodies, it is clear that there is a need for further studies on this subject.
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PMID:[Investigation of anticardiolipin antibodies in chronic hepatitis B infection together with total anti-delta positivity]. 1882 93

Clinical chemistry analyser is a high-performance microcontroller-based photometric biochemical analyser to measure various blood biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, urea, protein, bilirubin, and so forth, and also to measure and observe enzyme growth occurred while performing the other biochemical tests such as ALT (alkaline amino transferase), amylase, AST (aspartate amino transferase), and so forth. These tests are of great significance in biochemistry and used for diagnostic purposes and classifying various disorders and diseases such as diabetes, liver malfunctioning, renal diseases, and so forth. An inexpensive clinical chemistry analyser developed by the authors is described in this paper. This is an open system in which any reagent kit available in the market can be used. The system is based on the principle of absorbance transmittance photometry. System design is based around 80C31 microcontroller with RAM, EPROM, and peripheral interface devices. The developed system incorporates light source, an optical module, interference filters of various wave lengths, peltier device for maintaining required temperature of the mixture in flow cell, peristaltic pump for sample aspiration, graphic LCD display for displaying blood parameters, patients test results and kinetic test graph, 40 columns mini thermal printer, and also 32-key keyboard for executing various functions. The lab tests conducted on the instrument include versatility of the analyzer, flexibility of the software, and treatment of sample. The prototype was tested and evaluated over 1000 blood samples successfully for seventeen blood parameters. Evaluation was carried out at Government Medical College and Hospital, the Department of Biochemistry. The test results were found to be comparable with other standard instruments.
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PMID:Design and development of microcontroller-based clinical chemistry analyser for measurement of various blood biochemistry parameters. 1892 37

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common blood-borne viral infection in haemodialysis. It causes significant morbidity and long-term mortality. Practice of universal precautions has been reported to be sufficient to prevent HCV seroconversion in dialysis units. However, the seroconversion rate remains very high in many dialysis units. A previous study from 1995 to 1998 at our own hospital without isolation showed that nosocomial transmission is the major cause of HCV seroconversion. The present study was therefore conducted with the aim to study the impact of isolation on HCV seroconversion. In this prospective cohort study, with non-probability consecutive sampling, patients with HCV infection were dialysed in an isolated room. In addition, standard universal precautions were practiced. HCV seroconversion rate was compared with the previous study. All patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) admitted to our hospital for renal replacement therapy were included in the present study. At the time of admission, HCV screening was done. All anti-HCV-positive patients were dialysed in an isolated room. While on maintenance haemodialysis, all patients were monthly tested for anti-HCV, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Any patient who had HCV seroconversion was transferred to an isolated room for maintenance haemodialysis. Patients with HCV infection were managed by further testing for HCV-RNA and liver biopsy. Every patient who ultimately received renal transplantation at our hospital was also tested for HCV just prior to renal transplantation as well as 3 months after renal transplantation. HCV infection was diagnosed by detecting anti-HCV antibodies using an ELISA-based third-generation diagnostic test kit. Serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were assayed using standard laboratory techniques. From March 2003 to February 2006, 1,417 patients were admitted for haemodialysis in our unit. Of these 1,077 (76%) had ESKD. Mean age of patients was 42.47 +/- 16.2 (14-94) and 70.39% were males. Patients with ESKD had had more dialysis sessions (10.9 +/- 39.5 vs. 4.4 +/- 5.95, p = 0.009), more blood transfusions and more pre-existing HCV infections (4.72 vs. 1.5%, p = 0.009) than patients with acute renal failure. Of the ESKD patients, 65.7% were discharged, 9.47% died, 1.85% were shifted to chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and 22.46% patients received renal transplantation. Of the patients who received renal transplantation, HCV seroconversion was detected in 2.75%. In the previous study without isolation practices, the HCV seroconversion rate in transplanted patients was 36.2%. The hazard of HCV seroconversion was 0.97 (95% CI 0.93-1.02, p = 0.2) for each additional dialysis and 1.09 (95% CI 0.88-1.36, p = 0.37) for each additional blood transfusion. The study concludes that isolation of HCV-infected patients during haemodialysis significantly decreases the HCV seroconversion rate.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis: the 'no-isolation' policy should not be generalized. 1914 95

Transaminase enzymes, alanine (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), have been reported to be raised and implicated to have prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ki67, a marker of cellular proliferative activity, has also been noted to be increased in HCC. A study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur to determine the possible association of proliferative activity, as determined by Ki67, with the transaminase enzymes. 31 cases of histologically diagnosed HCC who underwent tumour resection were retrieved from departmental archives. The patients' ages ranged between 40 to 79 years with a mean of 58.3 years. There was a male preponderance with M:F = 2.9:1. Ethnic Chinese formed 83.9% of the cases. 4 microm sections, cut from the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue block of each case, were immunohistochemically stained with Ki67 (DAKO monoclonal MIB-1) using the commercial DakoCytomation EnVision+System-HRP kit. The latest ALT and AST levels, assayed within 7 days prior to tumour resection, were retrieved from the patients' case records. 24 (77.4%) HCC demonstrated elevation of either ALT and/or AST. 27 (87.1%) HCC were immunopositive for Ki67. Ki67 immunoexpression was significantly correlated with raised transaminases (p<0.05). Hypothetically, the mechanism by which this phenomenon may occur may simply be release of transaminases due to destruction of hepatocytes by the cancer. Thus rising levels of the transaminases could signal a more rapid growth of the tumour and these routinely performed tests can be of prognostic value in management of HCC patients.
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PMID:Association of Ki67 with raised transaminases in hepatocellular carcinoma. 1929 19

The goal of study was directed to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES) pretreatment on the enhancing action of D-galactosamine (D-GalN; 800 mg/kg) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 microg/kg) inducing liver failure in rats. Liver function was assessed by determination of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alpha-glutathione S-transferase (alpha GST) and bilirubin (BILI). Plasma NO(2)(-) was assessed by NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) colorimetric kit. The estimation of nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione and catalase) was performed in plasma and liver homogenate. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and the conjugated dienes (CD). Morphological examinations using light and electron microscopy were performed. Observations related to pharmacological increases of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2)/nitric oxide (NO) and inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) in fulminant hepatic failure and modulation by resveratrol were followed up by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in liver tissue. In the present study we found that among the mechanisms responsible for the hepatoprotective effect of resveratrol in the LPS/D-GalN liver toxicity model are reduction in NO, downregulation of NOS-2, modification of oxidative stress parameters and modulation of HO-1 which led to overall improvement in hepatotoxic markers and morphology after the hepatic insult.
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PMID:Resveratrol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine sensitized rats: role of nitric oxide synthase 2 and heme oxygenase-1. 1979 4

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT or AAT) is a serine protease inhibitor (PI) which, when present at low levels, can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver disease in both children and adults. Several mutations within the SERPINA1 gene have been found to cause this deficiency. The most common variants are PI*Z and PI*S, each caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We describe a real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid genotyping of these polymorphisms. DNA was extracted from fourteen EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood samples using the Qiagen EZ1 blood extraction kit. SNP genotyping was performed using primer/probe sets purchased from Applied Biosystems. These were evaluated for performance and assay conditions on the Applied Biosystems 7500 FAST System. The genotypes of these samples were compared with their phenotype results from isoelectric focusing assays, which were performed by an independent reference laboratory. In addition, twenty samples that were previously genotyped at another laboratory were obtained for accuracy studies. Thirty-four samples were tested; five genotypes were represented and the assay was able to discriminate these successfully. Only one genotype could not be correlated with its phenotype result, as the phenotype was reported as an "unidentified allele". All other genotyping results were concordant with previously determined genotypes and phenotypes. We describe a rapid real time PCR assay that is suitable for clinical use in genotyping AAT alleles and which can be used as the initial step in A1AT testing algorithms.
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PMID:Real time PCR detection of the PI*Z and PI*S mutations associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. 1995 52

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by presence of HBV infection with undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult HBV infection harbors potential risk of HBV transmission through hemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to assess the occult HBV infection in hemodialysis patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). A total of 289 HD patients from five dialysis units in Tehran, Iran, were included in this study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), anti-HBc, Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were tested in all subjects. The presence of HBV-DNA was determined quantitatively in plasma samples of HD patients with isolated anti-HBc (HBsAg negative, anti-HBs negative and anti-HBc positive) by real-time PCR using the artus HBV RG PCR kit on the Rotor-Gene 3000 real-time thermal cycler. Of 289 patients enrolled in this study, 18 subjects (6.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5%-8.9%) had isolated anti-HBc. HBV-DNA was detectable in 9 of 18 patients (50%, 95% CI, 27%-73%) who had isolated anti-HBc. Plasma HBV-DNA load was less than 50 IU/ml in all of these patients. Our study showed that detection of isolated anti-HBc could reflect unrecognized occult HBV infection in HD patients. The majority of these infections are associated with low viral loads.
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PMID:Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody: a multicenter study. 2111 74

In patients with severe hemorrhage, complications such as shock or death may occur if the patient is not treated appropriately and expeditiously. To create a hemostat kit for severe hemorrhage, ultraviolet light irradiation was applied to photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel and calcium alginate. As a hemorrhage model, the femoral arteries and veins of anesthetized rats were cut. Hemodynamics and hematological parameters including red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count, and serum parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured as a marker of hemostasis. In rats for which no procedure was used, death occurred within 30 min. By using the hydrogel hemostat, the survival rate rose to 75% or more. RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet levels were not significantly changed for 3 days. WBC count increased 1 day after hemostasis. AST and ALT increased 1 day after hemostasis, but it decreased 3 days later. The photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel and calcium alginate were biodegraded at 3 and 28 days, respectively, by neutrophils and keratinocyte chemoattractant.
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PMID:Hemostasis for severe hemorrhage with photocrosslinkable chitosan hydrogel and calcium alginate. 2061 83


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